Columban, St. c543-615. Irish monk. Missionary to France, Switzerland, Italy.

Comic Opera. 18C revolt vs serious opera. Light style, familiar scenes. Italy: opera buffa; Fr: opéra comique; Eng: ballad opera; Ger: singspiel. Orig as intermezzo for opera.

Commodus. 161-192. Brutal Roman Emperor 177-.

Communist Party. USSR. 1918. Name adopted by Bolsheviks for Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Parties started in Britain, USA, Austria, France, Italy, Spain, Germany soon after.

Concini, Concino. -1617. Italian favourite of Marie de Medici. Marshal of France. Executed.

Condottieri. 14-15C. Ineffective Italian mercenary leaders.

Constantine I. 274-338. Roman Emperor 306-, established Christianity as official religion. Moved capital to Constantinople. United state and church.

Constantine V. 718-775. Byzantine Emperor 741-. Lost Rome and Italy.

Continental Army. 1775-81. American Revolution army under George Washington.

Continental Congress. 1774-89. US Government until Constitution approved. Proclaimed Declaration of Independence.

Continental System. 1806-12. Napoleon’s European embargo vs Britain. Russian refusal led to 1812 Campaign. British retaliation led to Anglo-American War 1812.

Conway Cabal. 1777 plot to replace Washington with Gates at head of Continental Army.

Copyright ©. 1518 Pynson, king’s printer. 1710 Britain. Copyright Act. 1789 Ramsey in US. 1831 US Act. 1838 International. 1886 Berne Convention. 1952 Universal Copyright Convention. 1988 US joins Berne. 1998 US Digital Millenium Copyright Act.

Corelli, Arcangelo. 1653-1713. Italian violinist and composer. Early developer of concerto 1712.

Corfu Incident. 1923. Italy occupies Corfu.

Corinthian. Most recent style of Classical Greek Architecture. Acanthus leaves on column capital.

Corporate State. Mussolini economic system. Capitalist elements in state controlled economy.

Corregio. 1494-1534. Italian painter. Anticipated Baroque Style. Virgin and St. Francis 1515. Adoration 1530. Leda and Swans 1531.

Count. Continental title, equivalent to Earl.

Crapper, Thomas. 1836-1910. British plumber. Installed Queen Victoria’s toilets. Manufacturer, but not inventor of syphonic flush toilets.

Crispi, Francesco. 1819-1901. Italian Prime Minister 1887~96. Thousand.

Croce, Benedetto. 1866-1952. Italian statesman, philosopher. Opposed fascism.

Crystal Palace. 1851. Built for the Great Exhibition, London. First iron-framed. Burned, 1936. Paxton.

Cuban Missile Crisis. 1962. Kennedy blockades Cuba to prevent Soviet missile installation.

Cultural Revolution. 1966-9. Mao’s Red Guards purge China of bourgeois, capitalist elements.

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