Ramuz, Charles. 1878-1947. Swiss novelist: Terror on the Mountain 1925. Beauty on Earth 1927. Soldier’s Tale.

Riggenbach, Nikolaus. Swiss engineer of cog railways.

Rivas, Issac de. 1752-1828. Swiss inventor. Combustion engine, 1791. Automobile, 1802, carried 4 people and 1200 pounds of weight.

Rorschach, Hermann. 1884-1922. Swiss psychiatrist. Ink blot test 1921.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Rütli Oath. 3 Swiss cantons vow to rebel vs Austria.

Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1857-1913. Swiss linguist.

Schiner, Matthäus. c1465-1522. Led Swiss to defeat at Maignano. Established peace and neutrality of Switzerland.

Sempach Battle. 1386. Swiss confederates defeat Austrian Duke Leopold, ensuring independence.

Sonderbund. 1845-7. League of Catholic Swiss cantons defeated in civil war.

Spyri, Johanna. 1829-1901. Swiss writer. Heidi 1881.

Steiner, Jakob. 1796-1863. Swiss/German mathematician. Pioneered synthetic geometry.

Swiss War. 1712. Protestant cantons establish dominance over Catholic.

Tell, William. 13-14C/Legendary Swiss hero of Altdorf. Shot apple off son’s head on orders of Austrian governor, Gessler.

Vienna, Congress. 1814-15. Redrew map of Europe after Napoleon. Prussia gains Rhine, Westphalia. Swiss borders and neutrality confirmed. Netherlands created from Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg. Malta and Cape Colony ceded to Britain. Russia gets Poland. Austria trades Netherlands for north Italy. France reduced to 1792 borders. Metternich.

Westphalia, Peace of. 1648. Conclusion of the Thirty Years War between Germany, France, and Sweden and Spanish-Dutch 80 Years War. Formal recognition of Swiss independence. Dutch independence. HRE weakened. Religious toleration. Confirmed Augsburg.

Winkelried, Arnold von. -1386. Swiss hero of Sempach. Sacrificed himself to create a breach in the cavalry of Duke Leopold.

Yersin, Alexander. 1863-1943. Swiss/French. Developed serum for bubonic plague.

Zwingli, Huldrych. 1484-1531. Swiss humanist and religious reformer. Zurich Reformation 1522. Urged priests to marry. Attacked Roman mass and worship of images. Swiss Evangelical Church. Killed in Kappel Wars.

Coldstream Guards. 1650. Marched to London to restore Charles II.

Cultural Revolution. 1966-9. Mao’s Red Guards purge China of bourgeois, capitalist elements.

Grenadier Guards. 1656.

Kent State Massacre. 1970. Ohio National Guardsmen kill 4 student anti-Vietnam War demonstrators.

Life Guards. 1660.

Mameluks. Egyptian slave bodyguards who formed 1250-1382 Bahrite, 1382-1517 Burjite dynasties. Overthrown by Turks. Ali Pasha.

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