Singapore. 13-14C Malay city. 1377 Javanese destroy. 1819 Raffles refounds. 1867 «Straits Settlements. 1942-45 Japanese occupy. 1946 British Crown Colony. 1963 Federation of Malaysia. 1965 Independent republic.

Sinn Fein. 1905. (=Ourselves Alone). Irish Nationalist movement. 1916 uprising. Founded Irish Free State. Legalized as political party in Northern Ireland, 1974. Political wing of IRA. De Valera.

Sioux. Popular name for Dakota Confederation of American Indian tribes. Little Bighorn. Wounded Knee.

Sivaji. c1627-80. Founded Maratha Kingdom 1674.

Smith, Edmund. 1824-93. Last Confederate general to surrender 1865.

Smith, John. c1580-1631. English adventurer saved by Pocahontas. Founded Jamestown.

Smith, Joseph. 1805-44. US Founder of Mormonism. Wrote Book of Mormon by divine revelation 1830. Murdered.

Smithson, James. 1765-1829. English scientist. Left fortune to found Smithsonian Institution.

Smyth, John. -1612. Founded Baptist Church.

Socinus, Laelius. 1525-62. Italian founder of Socinianism.

Sonderbund. 1845-7. League of Catholic Swiss cantons defeated in civil war.

Sorbonne College. c1257. Founded by Robert de Sorbon. Seat of University of Paris.

Sovereign. 1503-1917. English coin worth 22s6d, later 10s, 11s, £1.

Spener, Philipp. 1635-1705. German founder of Pietism.

Spenser, Edmund. 1552-99. English poet: Faerie Queen 1590. “The poet’s poet”.

St Petersburg. 1703 Founded by Peter I. 1914 =Petrograd. 1924 =Leningrad. 1991 =St Petersburg again.

Stair, First earl. 1648-1707. Scottish under-secretary of state to William III. Approved Glencoe Massacre.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Stanislavsky, Konstantin. 1863-1938. Russian director. Founded Moscow Art Theater 1898. Method Acting.

Stanley, Henry. 1841-1904. British/US explorer in Africa 1868-95. Found Livingstone 1871. Founded Congo Free State.

Steiner, Rudolf. 1861-1925. Founded Anthroposophical Society 1912.

Stevenson, Adlai. 1900-65. US diplomat, United Nations founder.

Still, Andrew. 1828-1917. US osteopathy founder.

Stoicism. 4C BC. Ideal life of restraint, duty, ignoring passions, desires. Mind is a finer subdivision of matter. There are universal natural laws. Founded by Zeno.

Straisund, Treaty. 1370. Denmark makes commercial concessions to Hanseatic League.

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