National Trust. 1895. Non-profit organization to preserve British heritage buildings and lands.

Niepce, Nicéphore. 1765-1833. French. First permanent photographic image 1826.

Nordenskjöld, Erik. 1832-1901. Sweden. First successful navigation of North-East passage 1878-9.

Northwest Passage. Attempts 1497- to find a sea route around Canada to Asia. Amundsen succeeded 1903-6. McClure 1853.

Norton, Thomas. 1532-84. First English tragedy with Sackville, in blank-verse. Gorboduc 1561.

Occitan. Langue d’Oc. Romance language of southern France. Dialects include Provençale, the language of the troubadours. Oil.

Oehlenschläger, Adam. 1779-1850. Danish Romantic poet.

Offa. 755-796. King of Mercia 757-. Founded St. Alban’s abbey. Dee Dyke vs Welsh 785. Introduced coinage. Treaty with Charlemagne. Began unification of England.

Oil. Ancient language of N. France. Occitan.

Old Age Pensions. 1909 Britain, 1935 US.

Old English. 5-11C. Teutonic language of England.

Old Kingdom. c2780-2160BC. Pyramid Age of Egypt.

OPEC. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. 1961- International cartel sets prices by controlling supply. Created oil shortage 1973.

Paget, James. 1814-99. British surgeon. Trichinosis 1834.

Pahlavi. 3-10C. Iranian branch of Indo-European languages.

Paine, Thomas. 1737-1809. English/US/French political writer for democracy. Common Sense 1776, Rights of Man 1791, Age of Reason 1794.

Palatinate. 1156-. Region of south Germany ravaged during 30 Years War and War of Grand Alliance. Saar.

Pali. Indo-European language of Buddha.

Palladium. Sacred image of Athena protecting Troy. Stolen by Odysseus.

Pancras, St. 290-304. Patron saint of children. Martyred at age 14.

Pangkor Engagement. 1874. Treaty with Perak established British rule in Malaya.

Pankhurst, Emmeline. 1858-1928. English suffragette. Founded Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903.

Paris School. 1900-30. Bohemian golden age of arts in Montparnasse.

Parry, William. 1790-1855. English arctic explorer. Failed to find NW Passage.

Parsons, Charles. 1854-1931. English inventor of multi-stage steam turbine, 1884.

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