Peirce, Charles. 1839-1914. US philosopher. Pragmatism. -“logic is keystone of all knowledge”.

Pont de la Concorde. Paris. Built 1787-91 from stones of Bastille so people could forever trample ruins.

Prehistoric. Period of Greek Art. 1500-1000BC. Mycenaeans created massive stone works, painted vases, bronze ornaments.

Reform Bills. England. 1832: Russell redistributes Parliamentary seats, enfranchises renters. 1867: Disraeli enfranchises workers in towns. 1884: Gladstone enfranchises agricultural workers. Representation of People Acts.

Rosetta Stone. 196BC Multilingual stone used by Champollion to decipher hieroglyphics 1821.

Sennett, Mack. 1880-1960. Canadian/US film maker. Keystone Cops.

Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. 1787-1851. English writer. (Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft, Godwin). Married Percy Shelley. Frankenstein 1818.

Sisyphus. King of Corinth, condemned to perpetually roll a stone to the top of a hill.

Stanley, Henry. 1841-1904. British/US explorer in Africa 1868-95. Found Livingstone 1871. Founded Congo Free State.

Stonehenge. c18-14C BC. English megalithic monument with astronomical properties, religious purpose.

Tanganyika. Bantu. 18C Masai. 18-19C Slave source. 1871 Stanley, Livingstone. German East Africa. 1919 British mandate = Tanganyika. 1946 United Nations Trust. 1961 Independent. 1962 Republic. 1964 +Zanzibar=Tanzania. Nyerere.

Ten Commandments. Decalogue. Laws God gave Moses on stone tablets. Fundamental to Judaism/Christianity/Islam. No other gods, idols, swearing. Remember the sabbath. Honor parents. Do not kill, commit adultery, steal, bear false witness, covet.

Waters, Muddy. 1915-83. US Rhythm and Blues singer. Inspired Rolling Stones.

Wheatstone, Charles. 1802-75. English physicist: microphone. Telegraph 1836. Resistance bridge 1843. Concertina 1829. Stereoscope.

Wollstonecraft, Mary. 1759-97. English feminist author. Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792. Mother of Mary W Shelley.

Zambia. 1851 Livingstone explores. 1890 British South Africa Company =Northern Rhodesia. 1953 +Nyasaland. 1964 Independent Zambia.

Aasen, Ivar. 1813-96. Developed New Norwegian language, officially adopted, 1907.

Académie Française. Assembly of 40 “immortals” founded 1635 by Richelieu to set literary standards, language.

Adelung, Johann. 1732-1806. German scholar; helped standardize language.

Afrikaans. Dutch-derived language of South Africa.

Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV). -1362BC. Founded sun (Aton) cult in Egypt. Reigned 1379-. Amarna age.

Alabama Claims. 1872. US claim damages caused by British built warships in Civil War. $15M=£3.25M awarded by arbitration.

Albert I. 1875-1932. King of Belgians, 1909. Led army WWI. Introduced universal male suffrage.

Algeria. c2000BC Berber. 12C BC Phoenicia...9C BC Carthage. 146 BC Rome. 429 Vandal. 6C Byzantine. 7C Moslem. c1500 Spain. 1518 Ottoman. 1671 Independent. 1830 France. 1962 Independent.

Ali Pasha. 1741-1822. Turkish governor of Greece. Byron’s “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” subject.

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