Social Credit. 1919. Douglas’ economic theory. Give money to consumers, producers based on social credits, “liberating” production from price system.

Soult, Nicolas. 1769-1851. French chief of staff at Waterloo, Ulm, Austerlitz.

Spaak, Paul. 1899-1972. Belgian Prime Minister. First President of UN General assembly. EEC, Benelux, NATO.

Spanish Marriages, Affair of. 1846. Isabella’s sister, heir marries French prince, despite Spanish assurances, causing English/French rift.

Spanish Sahara. 1884 Protectorate. 1958 Spanish province. 1976 Mauritania/Morocco. Western Sahara.

Speenhamland System. 1795-1834. British welfare system to aid poor.

Spoils System. 19C US political patronage.

St-Germain-des-Prés. Paris church. 990-1021 on the site of 542 monastery by Childebert.

St Laurent, Louis. 1882-1973 Canadian Liberal Prime Minister 1948-57. St Lawrence Seaway. Old Age Security.

Stair, First earl. 1648-1707. Scottish under-secretary of state to William III. Approved Glencoe Massacre.

Stamboliyski, Aleksandur. 1879-1923. Bulgarian Prime Minister, Dictator 1919-. Killed in right-wing coup.

Stambolov, Stefan. 1854-95. Bulgarian regent 1886-7. Prime Minister 1887-94. Dismissed by Ferdinand, murdered.

Ste. Chapelle. 1246-8. Paris. Architect: Pierre de Montreuil. Built to house The Crown of Thorns.

Steel, Pact of. 1939-43. Germany-Italy mutual aid. Axis.

Steele, Richard. 1672-1729. English dramatist, essayist. Tatler 1709-11. Spectator 1711-12.

Steen, Jan. 1626-79. Dutch painter. Humourous, everyday scenes. Christening Feast 1664.

Stefan Dushan. 1308-55. Serbian king/Emperor 1331-. Conquered Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia. Law Code 1349-54.

Steffens, Lincoln. 1866-1936. US Muckraker.

Steichen, Edward. 1879-1973. US photo-artist.

Stein, Gertrude. 1874-1946. US avante-garde writer. Autobiography of Alice B Toklas 1933. Coined “Lost Generation”.

Stein, Karl, Freiherr von. 1757-1831. Reforming Prussian statesman helped abolish serfdom.

Steinbeck, John. 1902-68. US writer. Grapes of Wrath 1933.

Steiner, Jakob. 1796-1863. Swiss/German mathematician. Pioneered synthetic geometry.

Steiner, Rudolf. 1861-1925. Founded Anthroposophical Society 1912.

Steinway, Henry. 1797-1871. German/US innovative piano manufacturer.

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