Eleusinian Mysteries. Secret Greek ritual to honour Demeter and Persephone.

Elizabeth, St. Mother of John the Baptist. Sister of Virgin Mary.

Empire of the East. 286-1453. Eastern Roman Empire ruled from Byzantium. =Byzantine Emp.

Empire of the West. 286-476. Rome and Western part of Roman Empire. Ends 476, Romulus Augustulus deposed.

Empire of the West. 800-. State founded by Charlemagne, continued to 1806 as the Holy Roman Empire. Succeeded Roman Emperor of the West. Split Eastern kingdoms.

Encomienda. 16-18C Spanish system of Indian forced labour.

Encyclopédists. 1751-72. Group who wrote encyclopaedia under Diderot. Voltaire, Helvetius, D’Alembert. As sceptics, they popularized social ideas which led to the French Revolution.

Epiphenomenalism. Mind exists only as a process within the physical system of matter. Cannot exist without it. Hobbes.

Epstein, Jacob. 1880-1959. US/British portrait sculptor.

Erhard, Ludwig. 1897-1977. West German Economic Minister 1948-63. Chancellor 1963-6. Architect of economic recovery.

Escurial. 1557. Spanish monastery near Madrid built by Philip II to commemorate St-Quentin victory.

Esterhazy, Ferdinand. 1847-1923. French. Sold secrets to Germans. Blamed Dreyfus.

Eulenspiegel, Till. -1350. German peasant prankster.

Existentialism. Philosophy. Existence is concrete. Man has choice. Responsibility, freedom. Anti-conformism. Kierkegaard. Sartre. Heidegger.

Fabergé, Peter. 1846-1920. Russian jeweller. Imperial Easter Eggs 1884-1917.

Faisal II. 1935-58. Pro-western last Iraqi king 1939-. Killed in coup.

Feudalism. 8-14C. Social system. Lord grants land rights (fiefs) to vassals in return for military or other service. Manorialism. Seignorialism.

Feuillants. 1577- Cistercian order.

Fifth Column. 1936. Fascists within besieged Madrid who assisted Franco’s attackers. Term generally applied to subversives since.

Filibuster. Obstruction of bill passage by prolonged debate in US Senate.

Filibusters. 1850s. US adventurers who illegally organized revolutions in Central America. Walker.

Final Solution. 1941-45. Systematic slaughter of Jews and minorities by Nazis. Holocaust.

Fingerprints. 8C Chinese used as signatures. 1870 Indian classification system. 1901 Galton-Henry System, Scotland Yard.

Fitch, John. 1743-98. First US steamboat, 1787.

Flamsteed, John. 1646-1719. First Astronomer Royal of England, 1675.

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