Gagarin, Yuri. 1934-68. Soviet cosmonaut, first man in space, 1961.

Gelasius I, St. Pope 492-6. Compiled first Missal. Hard line continued rift with Constantinople.

Halifax Explosion. 1917. French arms boat explodes in harbour. 2000 casualties. Biggest man-made explosion until Hiroshima.

Halley, Edmund. 1656-1742. English astronomer who explained comets 1705. First meteorological chart 1686.

Hamas. 1987-. Militant terrorist movement for elimination of Israel and establishment of a Palestinian state. Denounced 1993 peace agreement. PLO.

Hohenlinden, Battle. 1800. French defeat Austria. Last major battle of War of 2nd Coalition.

Ives, Charles. 1874-1954. First major US composer. Unconventional work anticipates 20C techniques. Very influential on later Americans. 3rd Symphony 1904.

Johnson, Pauline. 1861-1913. Canadian Nationalist métis poet. The song my paddle sings.

Jorgensen, Christine. 1926-89. First m-f sex change patient, 1952.

Lapua. 1929-32. Finnish-Estonian Fascist movement. Failed putsch, 1932.

Last Supper. Jesus’ last meal with Discliples.

Layamon. c1200. English poet. First mention of King Arthur, Lear, Merlin.

Léger, Fernand. 1881-1955. French painter. Modernist mechanistic forms of solid colors. Femme au Livre 1923. Grande Parade 1954.

Llull, Raimon. 1235-1316. Catalan Neoplatonic Idealist mystic poet, alchemist. Tried to convert Moslems. Felix 1288.

Louis XIV. Sun King. 1638-1715. French King 1643-. Mazarin regent to 1661. Absolute reign signalled a flourishing of the arts. Built Versailles. Revoked Edict of Nantes. -“L’état c’est moi.”

Louis-Philippe. 1773-1850. French King 1830-48. 1790 Jacobin liberal who became absolutist monarch. Supported by bourgeoisie, defeated by workers in Revolt.

Manu. Hindu mythical first man, and law giver.

March First Movement. SAMIL. 1919 Korean demonstration for independence from Japan.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Marx, Karl. 1818-83. German socialist philosopher: Communist Manifesto 1848. Das Kapital 1867. Dialectical Materialism. Marxism.

Mensheviks. 1903-22. Pacifist minority Social Democratic Workers Party members under Martov split from Bolsheviks. Sought gradual vs revolutionary socialism. Suppressed after October Revolution.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Palo Alto, Battle. 1846 US victory. First major battle of Mexican War.

Pan-Germanism. 1894-1945. German nationalist movement. Nazism.

Pedrell, Felipe. 1841-1922. “Midwife” of Spanish Nationalist music.

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