Gravelines, Battle. 1558. Spanish defeat French.

Greco, El. 1541-1614. Greek/Spanish painter. Elongated figures. Assumption 1577. Crucifixion. Toledo c1608.

Gris, Juan. 1887-1927. Spanish Cubist painter. Guitar, Book and Newspaper 1920.

Guas, Juan. -c1496. Spanish arch. Isabelline style.

Guernica. Spanish Basque capital bombed by Germans for Franco, 1937. Euzkadi. Picasso. Spanish Civil War.

Gueux. 1566-76. Dutch Calvinist rebels vs Spanish rule.

Herrera, Fernando de. 1534-97. Spanish Humanist poet.

Holy Leagues. 1495 Repelled French invasion of Italy. 1511 Forced France from Italy. 1520 Spanish cities vs HRE. 1526 Failed to force HRE from Italy. 1538 Opposed Schmalkaldic League. 1571 vs Turks. 1576 Opposed Protestantism in France. 1609 vs Protestant Union. 1684 vs Ottomans.

Honduras.<6000BC Inhabited. 4C Mayan. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1524 Spanish settle. 16C Slaves brought. 1821 Mexican Empire. 1823 CAF. 1838 Republic. >100 coups.

Howard, Charles. 1536-1624. English. Commanded expedition vs Spanish Armada.

Ibn al’Arabi. 1165-1240. Spanish Moslem mystical philosopher. Meccan Revelation 1201.

Inquisition. Group of tribunals dedicated to routing out heresy. Papal. 1231-18C. Formalized by Gregory IX. Torture to obtain confession authorized by Innocent IV 1252. Roman. 1542-1908. RC church vs Protestantism. Galileo. Spanish. 1478-1834. Formed by Isabella and Ferdinand to persecute Jews and Moslems. Torquemada. Auto-da-fé.

International Brigades. 1936-9. 60,000 volunteers who opposed Franco in Spanish Civil War.

Isidore of Seville, St. 560-636. Spanish bishop, encyclopedist. Etymologiae. De Natura Rerum.

Jamaica. Arawak. 1494 Columbus discovers. 1509 Spanish. 1655 British. 1959 Self-government. 1962 Independent.

Jenkins’ Ear, War. 1739-43. England vs Spain over restrictions of trade with Spanish colonies...War of Austrian Succession. Spanish cut ear, 1731.

Jiménez, Francisco. 1436-1517. Spanish cardinal, statesman. Founded University of Alcalá.

Jimenez de Quesada, Gonzalo. c1495-1579. Spanish conquistador. Founded Bogota, Colombia.

John of the Cross, St. 1542-91. Spanish mystic poet. Founded Discalced Carmelites.

Joseph I. 1678-1711. Holy Roman Emperor 1705-. Supported Charles VI vs France in War of Spanish Succession.

Juan Carlos I. 1938-. Spanish king 1975-. Son of Carlist pretender Don Juan. Withstood coup, 1981.

Kiribati. Micronesians, Polynesians. 16C Spanish visit. 1892 British protectorate. 1915 British colony = Gilbert and Ellice Is. 1976 -Ellice Is. 1977 Self-governing. 1979 Independent republic = Kiribati.

Kyd, Thomas. 1558-94. English playwright. First ‘revenge’ play: The Spanish Tragedy 1592.

LaCierva y Codorniu, Juan de. 1895-1936. Spanish. Invented autogiro 1923. First vertical take-off 1934.

Largo Caballero, Francisco. 1869-1946. Spanish socialist Prime Minister, 1936-7. Radical polemics led to Civil War.

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