Manila Bay, Battle. 1898. US defeats Spain, wins Philippines.

Maria Luisa. 1751-1819. Spanish queen to Charles IV. With lover Godoy, ruined Spain’s finances.

Martí, José. 1853-95. Led Cuban war vs Spain.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Mediterranean Agreements. 1887-92. Britain, Spain, Italy, Austria-Hungary. To preserve status quo.

Mexican War of Independence. 1810-21. Hidalgo leads indep from Spain. Iturbide.

Mexico.c1200-100BC Olmec. c300-900 Maya, Zapotec. c900-1200 Toltec. 14C Aztec. 1519-21 Cortes conquers = New Spain. 1821 Independent. 1822 Empire. 1824 Republic/Dictatorship. 1836 -Texas. 1848 -western US. 1863 French occupy. 1867 Independent republic. 1876-1911 Díaz dictator.

Milan. c400BC Celtic. 222BC Rome. 539 Goths destroy. 12C Independent. 1277 Visconti. 1450 Sforzas. 1535 Spain. 1713 Austria. 1797 Napoleon. 1815 Austria. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Moors. Moslems of northwest Africa. Invaded Spain 711. Dominated to 11C. Surrendered Grenada 1492. Exterminated by Inquisition. Expelled from Spain 1492.

Moriscos. 1492-1614. Moors in Spain forcibly converted to Catholicism after Reconquista. Secretly remained Moslem. Revolted 1569. Deported 1609-14.

Mozarabs. 8-11C. Christians who adopted Moslem language and culture in Spain but remained Catholic.

Munda, Battle. 45BC. Caesar defeats Pompey in Spain to establish rule.

Nasrids. 1238-1492. Last Moslem dynasty in Spain.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Netherlands. Celts, Germans. 1C Rome. 400 Franks...Carolingian. 9C HRE. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1581 Independent(N) = United Provinces. 1795 France. Batavian Republic. 1806 Kingdom of Holland. 1810 «France. 1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1830 -Belgium. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

New Spain. 1535-1821. Spanish possessions in North, Central America. New Granada.

Noyon, Treaty. 1516. France cedes Naples to Spain.

Oranges, War of. 1801. France and Spain defeat and divide Portugal.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Peru. Settled 8000BC. 15C Inca. 1532 Pizarro conquers for Spain. 1821 Independent.

Philip V. 1683-1746. First Bourbon king of Spain 1700-. Accession led to War of Spanish Succession, loss of Netherlands and Italian possessions. War of Polish Succession.

Philippine Revolution. 1896-8. For independence from Spain allowed US control. Insurrection.

Pichincha, Battle. 1822. Ecuador wins independence from Spain.

Polish Succession, War of. 1733-38. Russia, Austria defeat Poland, France, Spain; place Augustus III on throne.

Popular Fronts. 1930s. Political coalitions of opposing parties vs Fascists in France, Spain.

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