German Democratic Republic. (GDR). 1949-90. East Germany. People’s Republic in Soviet mould. COMECON. Warsaw Pact. 1990 Germany.

Gettysburg. 1863. Lincoln’s address given to dedicate Civil War cemetery. “Four score and seven years ago...Government of the people, by the people, for the people”.

Gettysburg, Battle. 1863. Union victory. Turning point in Civil War.

Ghazigi. “Warriors of the faith”. Ottoman military before Janissaries.

Ghent, Treaty. 1814. Britain, US end Anglo-American War on pre-war conditions.

Ghetto. Jewish area of cities, esp: 1556-1885 Rome; 1239 Valencia; 1462 Frankfurt; 1516 Venice; 1066-1291 Old Jewry, London; 1939 Warsaw.

Gibbon, Edward. 1737-94. English historian. Decline and Fall of Roman Empire 1776-88.

Gilded Age. Post American Civil War period of materialism, questionable ethics. Named by Mark Twain.

Gladiatorial Wars. 73-71BC. Spartacus.

Goliad Massacre. 1836. 350 Texan prisoners by Mexico in War for Independence.

Good Parliament. 1376. Reforms against Edward III. Nullified 1377.

Goya, Francisco. 1746-1828. Spanish painter and engraver of macabre. Horrors of War 1811.

Grand Alliance, War of. 1689-97. Spain, Sweden, England, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs French expansionism. Negotiated Peace. King William’s War. Namur. Augsburg League.

Grand Army of the Republic. 1866-1956. Political organization of American Civil War veterans.

Grant, Ulysses S. 1822-85. Commander-in-Chief Union army 1864-5 in US Civil War. President 1869-77.

Great Leap Forward. 1958-61. Failed Chinese program for increased output by communes.

Greco-Turkish War. 1897. Greece fails to annex Crete. 1920-22. Greece loses Thrace. Exchange of minorities.

Greek Civil War. 1944-9. Communist insurrection defeated with British/US help.

Greek Independence, War. 1821-29. Greek rebels, plus England, France, Russia defeat Turkey and Egypt. London Treaty. Otto I. Constantinople Treaty, 1832....End of Holy Alliance.

Greek Liberation, War. = Greek Independence, War.

Greenbacks. US banknotes issued to support Civil War not backed by gold.

Grey, Edward. 1862-1933. British statesman. Triple Alliance. Treaty of London.

Gringo. 1847. Mexican pejorative for American. From “Green grow the rushes, oh”, sung during Mexican War.

Grotius, Hugo. 1583-1645. Dutch jurist. Laws of War and Peace 1625.

Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty. 1848. Ended Mexican War. US paid $15M for half of Mexico.

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