Heine, Heinrich. 1797-1856. German lyric satirical Socialist poet. Young Germany. Lorelei. Atta Troll 1843-5.

Hess. Rudolph. 1894-1987. German Nazi leader. Flew to Scotland, 1941. Sentenced to life at Nuremberg.

Hindemith, Paul. 1895-1963. German Gebrauchmusik movement composer. Music as social expression.

Hitler, Adolf. 1889-1945. Austrian/German Nazi Chancellor 1933-, dictator 1934-. Expansionist policies led to WWII. Mein Kampf 1925.

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. 1841-1935. US Supreme Court Justice 1902-32. Law as social instrument.

Holocaust. 1939-45. Nazi killing of of Jews, minorities, opponents and POWs in concentration camps. Final Solution. 5.8 million Jews and 5-11 million non-Jews.

Ibsen, Henrik. 1828-1906. Norwegian social and psychological dramatist. Peer Gynt 1867. Doll’s House 1879. Hedda Gabler 1890.

International. Socialist revolutionary workers movements. First. 1864-76. Founded by Marx in London. Second. 1889-1914. Paris. IFTU. Revived in 1920s. Third. 1919-43. =COMINTERN. Stalin’s Vehicle for world-wide Communist Revolution. Fourth. 1938-53. Trotsky’s Transitional Program for reform.

Jaurès, Jean. 1859-1914. French socialist leader. L’Armée nouvelle 1910.

Kerensky, Aleksandr. 1881-1970. Russian Revolutionary leader. Prime Minister 1917. Liberal Socialist Provisional government.

Kingsley, Charles. 1819-75. English didactic social novelist/clergyman. Alton Locke 1850. Water Babies 1863. Founded Christian Socialism.

Labour Party. 1888 Scotland. 1890 NZ. 1891 Australia. 1900 Britain. 1930 Israel. Founded by unions, Fabians for democratic change towards socialism. First UK MPs elected 1906. First UK Labour government 1924.

Largo Caballero, Francisco. 1869-1946. Spanish socialist Prime Minister, 1936-7. Radical polemics led to Civil War.

Lassalle, Ferdinand. 1825-64. German Socialist. 1848 Revolutionary Movement.

Lebensraum. “Living Space”. Nazi expansionist objective, 1936-.

Liberal Party. 1832. British Social reform, free trade, Irish Home Rule. 1867 Canada. 1944 Australia.

Liberalism. 19C. Movement for freedom of the individual, democracy. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. 20C. Movement to free individuals from economic restraint by social welfare programs.

Liebknecht, Wilhelm. 1826-1900. German Socialist. Founded Social Democratic Labour Party, 1869.

Lo-Johansson, Ivar. 1901-90. Swedish novelist of social causes. Goodnight, Earth 1933.

MacLennan, Hugh. 1907-90. Canadian writer of social + political conflict. Two Solitudes 1945. The Watch that Ends the Night 1959.

Malignar Agreements. 1936-7. Socialist reforms in France.

Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1884-1942. Polish. Founded social anthropology.

Marx, Karl. 1818-83. German socialist philosopher: Communist Manifesto 1848. Das Kapital 1867. Dialectical Materialism. Marxism.

Matteotti Crisis. 1924. Italian Fascists kill Socialist, Matteotti for denouncing them. Aventine Secession.

Maurice, Friedrich. 1805-72. English theologian. Christian Socialist founder.

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