Bourgeoisie. French merchant, craft class. Marxist term for those who do not live by the sale of their labour. Proletariat.

Bowditch, Nathaniel. 1773-1838. US self-educated astronomer, mathematician. New American Practical Navigator 1802.

Brahe, Tycho. 1546-1601. Danish astronomer. Compiled observations 1572 used by Kepler.

Brahms, Johannes. 1833-97. German composer. “Romantic spirit controlled by a classical intellect”. Requiem 1868.

Brandt, Willy. 1913-92. Pragmatic Social Democrat Chancellor of West Germany 1969-74.

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty. 1918. Russia exits WWI leaving 1/3 population in German hands.

British Museum. World’s largest museum. Building 1823-52. Founded 1753 from Sloane Collection legacy. Elgin Marbles. Rosetta Stone.

Buchanan, James. 1791-1868. US President 1857-61. Compromise policy failed to avert civil war.

Bundestag. Lower House of German Parliament 1949-. Elects Chancellor.

Caliphate Empire. 632-1258. Moslem Empire founded by Muhammad. From Afghanistan to north Africa and Spain. Umayyad. Abbasid.

Callaghan, James. 1912-. British Labour Prime Minister 1976-9.

Callaghan, Morley. 1903-90. Canadian writer. Such is my Beloved 1934.

Callisto. Greek nymph changed to Ursa Major constellation.

Cannae, Battle. 216BC. Hannibal victory over Rome.

Capua. (Ancient) c600BC Etruria. c440BC Samnites. 338BC Rome. 216BC Hannibal. 211BC Rome. 456 Vandals. c840 Saracens destroy. Rebuilt as Sta Maria Capua Vetere.

Carthage. 814BC Phoenician colony. Dido. 574BC Independence after Tyre falls. 480BC Republic. 264-146BC Punic Wars. Hannibal. 146BC Rome razes, rebuilds. 439 Vandals plunder. 533 Byzantine. 705 Moslem. Tunis.

Chanak Crisis. 1922. British fear Turkish threat to Dardanelles. Lausanne Peace, 1923.

Chancellor. Title of prime minister of Germany.

Chandler, Raymond. 1888-1959. US novelist. Big Sleep 1939. Detective Philip Marlow.

Chanel, Gabrielle (Coco). 1883-1971. French haut couture, perfume doyenne. Simplicity.

Chang Ch’ien. -114BC. Chinese explorer to India, Bactria.

Chang Ling. 33-156. Founded Taoism in China.

Ch’ang O. Chinese moon goddess.

Channel Islands. 911 Norman. 1066 England. Autonomous British crown possession.

Channel Tunnel. Mathieu conceived the idea in 1802. Begun 1880s. French-English agreements to proceed, 1964, 1985. Opened 1994.

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