Bach, Johann Sebastian. 1685-1750. German composer of fugues and chorales. Peak of polyphonic music. Brandenburg Concerto 1721. Well Tempered Clavier. Art of Fugue 1749.

Bacon, Francis. 1561-1626. English chancellor and philosopher. First king’s counsel. Favoured inductive over deductive reasoning. Separated Science from religion. New Atlantis 1625. B. Scientific method: Novum Organum 1620. Essays 1625.

Bactria. c1500BC Aryan. 545BC Persia. 328BC Alexander. 256BC-140 Graeco-Bactria. Badakhshan. 7C Moslem. 1220 Genghis Khan. Now Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.

Badakhshan. 255BC-1584. Kingdom in Bactria claiming direct descendance from Alexander the Great.

Barbara, St. c200. Maiden martyr at father’s hands, who was struck by lightning. Patron St. of artillerymen.

Baroque Art. 1600-1750. Orig in Italy, spread across W. Europe. Architecture: Ornate style characterized by stucco, frescoes, rood screens. Vanbrugh. Bernini’s Barberini Palace. Music: Counterpoint vs Renaissance polyphony. Opera, cantata. Bach. Monteverdi. Vivaldi. Painting: Dynamic, emotional. Caravaggio. Reni. Rubens.Van Dyck. Rococo.

Bartholomew, St. =Nathanael, a disciple of Christ.

Basel, Treaty. 1795. Prussia, France exchange Rhine territories.

Bayer, Johann. 1572-1625. German astronomer. Star charts, 1603, include magnitude Greek symbols.

Bennett, Arnold. 1867-1931. English Staffordshire novelist. Meticulously detailed Naturalist. Clayhanger Series 1910.

Bernadotte, Jean. 1763-1844. Marshal of French Empire, became King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden 1818.

Berry, Jean, duc de. 1340-1416. Regent of France for Charles VI. Policies caused Peasants Revolt 1381-4. Patron of arts. Limburg.

Bethmann-Hollweg. 1856-1921. German Chancellor, 1909-17. Tried to mediate before WWI. Overthrown by Hindenburg and Ludendorf.

Bhadracarya-pranidhana. Buddhist vows of good conduct.

Big Stick Policy. Roosevelt’s foreign policy. Power as a deterrent. Mahan.

Bismarck, Otto von. 1815-98. Prince. Prussian Prime Minister 1862-90. Founded German Empire; First Chancellor 1871-90. Provoked Franco-Prussian War. Ems Dispatch. Schleswig.

Black Hand. 19-20C. Sicilian criminal secret society.

Black Hand. 1911-17. (Unity or Death) Serbian secret society assassinated Francis-Ferdinand 1914.

Black Thursday. Oct. 24, 1929. NY Stock Exchange crash.

Blanchard, Jean. 1753-1809. French balloonist. First aerial Channel crossing 1785. Velocipede 1779.

Blériot, Louis. 1872-1936. French aviator. First plane to cross Channel, 1909.

Bode, Johann. 1747-1826. German astronomer: Laws of planetary distances, 1766.

Boltzmann, Ludwig. 1844-1906. Austrian physicist. Statistical Mechanics, 1870.

Bosnian Crisis. 1908-9. Russia sides with Serbian rebels after Austria-Hungary annexation. Black Hand.

Böttger, Johann. 1682-1719. European discoverer of porcelain making process, 1709, Dresden.

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