Acropolis. Elevated portion of Greek cities for protection and worship. Athens 2000BC.

Admiral Graf Spee. -1939. German battleship def by British, scuttled at Montevideo.

Adonis. Beautiful youth, beloved of Aphrodite and Persephone, worshipped by the Phoenicians.

Akkerman, Convention. 1826. Russia-Turkey. Serbia autonomous. Russian shipping rights in Turkey.

Alabama Claims. 1872. US claim damages caused by British built warships in Civil War. $15M=£3.25M awarded by arbitration.

Ali. 4th Caliph, 656-661. Son-in-law of Muhammad. Succession led to Sunni/Shi’ite split. Moslem Civil War.

Amboise Peace. 1563. Gave limited rights of worship to French Huguenots.

Amistad Affair. 1841. Slaves mutiny on Spanish ship. Sail to US. Declared free by US court.

Amram bar Shishna. -875. Hebrew scholar. Oldest prayer book. Seder Rab Amram.

Apprentices Statute. 1563-1814 England. 7 Years apprenticeship required for all trades.

Ashikaga. 1338-1573. Japanese Shogunate. Overthrew Emperor.

Ayala Plan. 1911. Zapata to renew Mexican Revolution, return land to communal ownership.

Babism. 1844-50. Shi’ite mystical ascetic sect. Numerology. Number 19. Baha’ism.

Barbary Piracy. 1518-1830. G. Washington pays $1M to free enslaved seamen 1796. US attacks Tripoli 1815. French sieze Algiers, 1830.

Belgrade, Treaty. 1739. Ottoman Empire ends wars with Austria and Russia. Limits Russian ships on Black Sea.

Belle Epoque. 1885-1900. Time of flourishing arts and entertainment in Paris. Moulin Rouge.

Bennett, Arnold. 1867-1931. English Staffordshire novelist. Meticulously detailed Naturalist. Clayhanger Series 1910.

Bermuda. 1511 Spain discovers. 1609 Shipwrecked British settle, inpiring Tempest. 1617-1834 Slavery. 1968 Autonomous British Colony. 1995 Referendum rejects independence.

Bertin, Jean. 1917-75. French engineer. Jet silencers; air cushion vehicles.

Blanqui, Louis. 1805-81. French militant socialist. Coined: “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”, “Industrial Revolution”, 1837. Unsuccessful uprising 1839. Commune leader. Secret societies.

Bolsheviks. (“Majority”) 1903-52. Revolutionary faction of Social Democratic Workers Party for dictatorship of Proletariat. =Communist. Mensheviks.

Brant, Sebastian. 1458-1521. German medieval satirical poet. Ship of Fools 1494.

Brinkmanship. Policy of staying at brink of war.

Bronte, Charlotte. 1816-55. English Romantic author: Jane Eyre 1847; Shirley, Villette 1853.

Brownshirts. SA.

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