Petrarch. 1304-74. Italian humanist author, lyric poet, philosopher. To Laura 1366. Dialogue with St. Augustine.

Phenomenalism. Matter is defined by sense experience.

Philip V. The Tall. 1293-1322. French king 1316-. Succeeded over Joan by Salic Law.

Philip V. 1683-1746. First Bourbon king of Spain 1700-. Accession led to War of Spanish Succession, loss of Netherlands and Italian possessions. War of Polish Succession.

Physiognomism. Belief in the relationship between personality types and facial characteristics. Lavater. Aristotle.

Piazzi, Giuseppe. 1746-1826. Italian discoverer of Ceres, first asteroid seen by man 1801.

Pinturricchio. c1454-1513. Italian religious painter. Vatican frescoes 1492.

Pirandello, Luigi. 1867-1936. Italian dramatist:Six Characters in Search of an Author 1921.

Piranesi, Giambattista. 1720-78. Italian architect and engraver. Views of Rome 1740s.

Pisano, Andrea. 1270/90-1348/9. Italian sculptor. Florence Baptistery doors.

Pisano, Giovanni. c1254-1314. Italian Gothic sculptor, son of Nicola Perouse Fountain 1278. Pistoia Cathedral pulpit 1301. PIsa Cathedral pulpit 1302-10.

Pius IX. 1792-1878. Pope 1846-. Longest reign. Defined Immaculate Conception 1854 Papal Infallibility. Syllabus Errorum 1864 criticized Liberalism.

Pius XII. Pope 1939-58. Proclaimed neutrality in WWII.

Platonism. Perceptions approximate an ideal reality of eternal ideas.

Pliny the Elder. 23-79. Roman naturalist. Died investigating Vesuvius eruption.Historia Naturalis.

Plutarch. c50-119+. Greek/Roman biographer and moralist. Influenced Rousseau. Parallel Lives.

Poincaré, Raymond. 1860-1934. French president 1913-20, Prime Minister 1912~29. Conservative nationalist. Occupied Ruhr.

Poitiers, Battle. 732. Charles Martel halts invasion, saving Europe from Moslem rule. 1356. Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures John II. Brétigny Treaty.

Polish Corridor. 1919-39. Baltic territory dividing east Prussia from Germany. Nazis invade 1939.

Politburo. 1917~. Soviet governing body, arm of Communist Party. Abolished by Stalin 1952-66.

Politian. 1454-94. First vernacular Italian poem 1475.

Pony Express. 1860-61. Missouri-California mail delivery. Cody.

Popular Fronts. 1930s. Political coalitions of opposing parties vs Fascists in France, Spain.

Populism. 1870-1902. Russian socialist revolutionaries. Narodniki.

Populist Movement. 1890s. US agrarian reform coalition.

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