Mameluks. Egyptian slave bodyguards who formed 1250-1382 Bahrite, 1382-1517 Burjite dynasties. Overthrown by Turks. Ali Pasha.

Mancini, Pasquale. 1817-88. Italian Risorgimento leader, statesman. Triple Alliance 1882.

Manichaeism. 240-6C. Dualist ascetic Persian religion founded by Mani (-274) combining Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity. Man’s spirit is good, body is evil. Albigens, Cathars, Paulician.

Mannerism. 16C Exaggerated colorful painting style emphasizing craft, decorum. Palissy. Dürer. Cellini. Bruegel.

Manzoni, Alessandro. 1785-1873. Italian Romatic writer. The Betrothed 1825-7.

Marcel, Gabriel. 1889-1973. French Existential philosopher. Experience more important than metaphysics.

Marconi, Guglielmo. 1874-1937. Italian physicist. First transatlantic radio reception 1901.

Marinetti, Fillippo. 1876-1944. Italian Fascist author. Founded Futurism 1909.

Markiewicz, Countess. 1876-1927. Irish Nationalist. First woman elected to British Parliament, 1918.

Marshall, James. 1810-85. Discovered gold 1848. California Gold Rush 1849.

Marshall Plan. 1948-52. European Recovery Program. US supplied $12B goods, loans, grants. Rejected by COMECON as ’dollar imperialism’.

Marsilius of Padua. c1282-1343. Italian political philosopher. -“political power comes from the people”.

Marx, Karl. 1818-83. German socialist philosopher: Communist Manifesto 1848. Das Kapital 1867. Dialectical Materialism. Marxism.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Materialism. All nature is describable as moving particles. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Büchner. Diderot. Hobbes. Marx. Epicureans.

Matsushita, Konosuke. 1894-1989. Japanese industrialist; began 5-day workweek, guaranteed lifetime employment.

Matteotti Crisis. 1924. Italian Fascists kill Socialist, Matteotti for denouncing them. Aventine Secession.

Maurice, Friedrich. 1805-72. English theologian. Christian Socialist founder.

Mauritania. Bafours. ~1C BC Sanhadja, Zenet, Teda. Ancient Ghana. 7/8C Moslem. 11C Almoravid. 13-17C Moqil invade. 15C = Shinqit. 19C «French West Africa. 1958 Autonomous. 1960 Independent.

Mausolus. Persian Satrap c377-353BC. Tomb at Halicarnassus was one of Seven Wonders.

Maximilian I. 1459-1519. HRE 1493-. Expanded Hapsburg empire by marriage and conquest. Italian Wars.

Mazzini, Giuseppe. 1805-72. Genoa republican for Italian unity. Founded Young Italy 1831. Led Rome Republic 1849.

Mboya, Tom. 1930-69. Kenyan Nationalist leader. Assassinated.

Medici. Merchant family. Ruled Florence 1434~1737. Patron of Italian Renaissance arts. Catherine. Marie. Popes Leo X, Clement VII, Leo XI.

Megaliths. Neolithic monuments of very large stones. Stonehenge.

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