Le Corbusier. 1887-1965. Swiss Functionalist architecht, urbanist. -“A house is a machine to live in”.

Legendre, Adrien. 1752-1833. French mathematician. Irrationality of pi, 1794. Elliptical integrals, 1786.

Legion of Honour. French national order instituted by Napoleon, 1802. Five ranks: Grands Croix, Grands Officiers, Commandeurs, Officiers, Chevaliers.

Legitimists. 19C French Royalist supporters of Bourbon Chambord vs Orleanists, Bonapartists.

Leningrad Affair. 1948. Purge of Zhdanov associates by Stalin.

Leninism. Applied Dialectical Materialism. World Proletariat Revolution. Dictatorship of the Proletariat, then transition to Communism. Authoritarian conspiratorial elite conscious of imperative of history. “Freedom in discussion-unity in action”.

León. 910-1230. Spanish kingdom. Ruled Galicia, Asturias; Portugal to 1143. 1230 +Castile.

Leoncavello, Ruggero. 1857-1919. Italian opera composer. I Pagliacci 1892.

Leopold I. 1790-1865. First King of Belgians 1831-. Maintained neutrality.

Leopold II. 1747-92. Holy Roman Emperor 1790-. “Enlightened despot”. Liberal reforms. Declaration of Pillnitz for absolutism.

Levellers. 1645-50. English Civil War republican democratic party. Sought religious, political equality and end to monarchy.

Levi, Primo. 1919-87. Italian writer. Survival in Auschwitz 1947. Periodic Table 1975.

Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien. 1857-1939. French philosopher. Primitive Mentality 1923.

Lex Talionis. Old Testament Law- An eye for an eye...

Liberal Party. 1832. British Social reform, free trade, Irish Home Rule. 1867 Canada. 1944 Australia.

Liberalism. 19C. Movement for freedom of the individual, democracy. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. 20C. Movement to free individuals from economic restraint by social welfare programs.

Liberalism, Economic. 19C. Striving for personal profits and liberty. Manchester School. Cobden.

Liberalism, Theological. 17C. Religious inquiry based on reason vs authority.

Libya. 7C BC Phoenician, Carthage, Greek colonies. 46BC Rome. 476 Vandal(W). 534 Byzantine 647 Arab. 1551 Ottoman. 1911 Italian colony. 1943 British/French 1950 Independent Kingdom. 1969 Qaddafi coup. Terrorism. Lockerbie.

Lidice. 1942. Czech village annihilated by Nazis in retaliation for Heydrich assassination.

Lie, Jonas. 1833-1908. Norwegian realistic novelist. Family at Gilje 1883.

Liebknecht, Wilhelm. 1826-1900. German Socialist. Founded Social Democratic Labour Party, 1869.

Liechtenstein. 5C Alemanni. Franks. 1342 Independent. 1396 HRE. 1719 Principality «HRE. 1806 Rhine Confederation.1815 German Confederation. 1852 Customs Union with Austria 1923 Customs Union with Switzerland.

Limited Liability. 19C. Sale of limited liability stock stimulated Industrialization.

Limon von Sanders, Otto. 1855-1929. German general. Led Turks at Galipoli.

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