Irredentists. 1878. Italian political party with object of incorporating neighbouring regions.

Isabella II. 1830-1904. Queen of Spain 1833-68. Deposed by Carlists. Salic Law.

Islam. =Muhammadism. 7C-. Monotheistic religion based on Koran. 1/6 of world’s population, especially north Africa, Middle East, SW Asia. Sunni. Shi’ite. Caliphate Empire.

Italian East Africa. 1936-41. Italian colonies in Africa. Ethiopia, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland.

Italian Somaliland. 1890 Italy. 1936-41 WWII Colony. 1960 +British Somaliland =Somalia.

Italian Wars. 1494-1559. Spain, HRE defeat France for control of Italy.

Jaspers, Karl. 1883-1969. German Existential philosopher. Philosophie 1932.

Jaurès, Jean. 1859-1914. French socialist leader. L’Armée nouvelle 1910.

Jeffersonian Republicans. 1790-. US First opposition party. Advocated limited government vs Federalists.

Jerusalem. 3500BC settled. c1000BC David conquers for Israel. 721BC Assyrians conquer. Lost Tribes. 586BC Nebuchadnezzar. 539BC Cyrus. 332BC Alexander...320BC Ptolemy I Soter. 197BC Seleucid. 167BC Hasmonaean. 63BC Rome. 324 Byzantine. 614 Persia. 637 Moslem. 1099 Crusades. Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1260 Mameluk. 1517 Ottoman. 1917 British Mandate. 1949 Israel/Jordan. 1967 Israel re-unites. 1996 Israel/Palestinian Authority.

Jingoism. Excessive nationalism. Originally for British who intervened in Russo-Turkish War, 1877.

Jinnah, Muhammed Ali. 1876-1948. Founded Moslem League 1934. Demanded partition of India. First gov-gen. of Pakistan.

Joad, CEM. 1891-1953. British pacifist agnostic Rationalist philosopher. Vitalism. Guide to Philosophy 1936.

Johnson, Pauline. 1861-1913. Canadian Nationalist métis poet. The song my paddle sings.

Jordan. 13C BC Hebrew(W). 6C BC Nabataean(E). 4C Seleucid(N)/Ptolemy(S). 63BC Rome. 637 Moslem. 1918 British mandate, Hashimite kingdom. 1946 Independent Transjordan. 1949 = Jordan.

Joukov, Gheorgi. 1896-1974. Soviet marshal, won battles of Moscow 1941, Stalingrad 1943.

Judas of Galilee. Jewish zealot. Led revolt vs Rome over tax census.

Judicial. Branch of US government. Supreme and lower courts can invalidate Acts of Congress.

Kafka, Franz. 1883-1924. Czech introspective writer. Alienation of modern man. The Trial 1925. The Castle 1926. Published posthumously.

Kali. Hindu goddess of death and destruction.

Kalidasa. 5C. Indian dramatist. Sakuntala.

Kalinin, Mikhail. 1875-1946. Soviet Head of State, 1919-46.

Kaliningrad. 1946- On site of Königsberg, destroyed 1945. Russian enclave surrounded by Poland, Lithuania.

Kamenev, Lev. 1883-1936. Russian Bolshevik leader in Triumvirate with Stalin, Zinoviev, 1922-. Executed in Purge.

Kant, Immanuel. 1724-1804. German Romantic philosopher. Free-will. Inherent moral nature implies “Transcendental” world of freedom. Although the mind builds internal maps of sensory perceptions, we do not know what the world is really like. -“moral imperative = human diginity”. On Heaven 1755. Critique of Pure Reason 1781. Critique of Practical Reason 1788. Critique of Judgement.

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