Halifax, First Earl of. 1881-1959. English statesman. Viceroy of India 1925-31, Foreign Secretary 1938-40.

Halifax Explosion. 1917. French arms boat explodes in harbour. 2000 casualties. Biggest man-made explosion until Hiroshima.

Hals, Frans. c1580-1666. Dutch portrait painter: Laughing Cavalier 1624. Nurse and Child c1620.

Hamilton, Alexander. 1755-1804. US Federalist statesman. First Secretary of Treasury. Killed in duel by Burr.

Hamilton, James. 1606-49. Scottish Royalist. Defeated by Cromwell. Hanged.

Handel, George Frideric. 1685-1759. German/ English composer of oratorio, Italian opera. Peak of polyphonic music. Water Music 1717. Messiah 1741. Music for Royal Fireworks 1749.

Hansson, Per. 1885-1946. Swedish Prime Minister 1932-. Maintained neutrality in WWII.

Harrington, James. 1611-77. English idealist utopian writer. Oceana 1656.

Harun-ar-Rashid. c764-809. Abbasid Caliph, 786-. Subject of One Thousand and One Nights.

Hegel, G.W.F. 1770-1831. German Idealist philosopher: Dialectical Reasoning: thesis vs antithesis = synthesis. Dialectical Materialism. “Universe is evolving from first cause toward self awareness and freedom. In man, God becomes aware of Himself”. Phenomenology 1806. Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1817. Philosophy of History 1830.

Heidegger, Martin. 1889-1976. German Existentialist philosopher. Being and Time 1927.

Heine, Heinrich. 1797-1856. German lyric satirical Socialist poet. Young Germany. Lorelei. Atta Troll 1843-5.

Heliocentricity. Revolution of the earth around the sun. Once considered heretical. Galileo. Copernicus.

Helvétius, Claude-Adrien. 1715-71. French Materialist philosopher. All actions based on self-interest. De l’ésprit 1758.

Henze, Hans. 1926-. German/Italian composer. Combines German intellectualism with Italian lyricism. We Come to the River 1976.

Herder, Johann von. 1744-1803. German Sturm and Drang Nationalist writer. Stimulated Romanticism.

Herod Antipas. 21BC-39 AD. Galileen king 4BC-. Killed John the Baptist for Salome.

Hess. Rudolph. 1894-1987. German Nazi leader. Flew to Scotland, 1941. Sentenced to life at Nuremberg.

Hippolytus, St. c170-235. Italian martyr. First Antipope, 217-.

Hitler, Adolf. 1889-1945. Austrian/German Nazi Chancellor 1933-, dictator 1934-. Expansionist policies led to WWII. Mein Kampf 1925.

Hobbes, Thomas. 1588-1679. English Materialist Determinist philosopher. Nominalist. Royalist. Good is that which brings pleasure; evil, pain. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Elements of Law 1640. Leviathan 1651.

Hobson, John. 1858-1940. British pre-Keynesian economist. Imperialism 1902.

Hohenlinden, Battle. 1800. French defeat Austria. Last major battle of War of 2nd Coalition.

Holbach, Paul, Baron d’. 1723-89. French Materialist philosopher and Encyclopaedist.

Holbein, Hans, the Younger. 1497-1543. German/English Realist portrait painter. St. Mary 1525. Danse Macabre 1526. Henry VIII 1540.

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