Giulio Romano. 1492-1546. Italian Mannerist painter, architect. Palazzo del Te 1525/6.

Glinka, Mikhail. 1804-57. First important Russian Nationalist composer. A Life for the Czar 1836.

Gnosticism. 1-6C. Heretical Christian sect incorporating mysticism, dualism, Docetism.

Gobineau, Joseph. 1816-82. Rationalized anti-semitism and Aryan supremacy. Essay on Inequality of Human Races 1353-5.

Goering, Hermann. 1893-1946. German WWI flying ace, Nazi Prime Minister. Gestapo. Condemned at Nuremberg. Suicide.

Gogol, Nikolai. 1809-52. Russian Realist writer. Dead Souls 1842.

Gold Rush. 1550 Bohemia. 1849 California. 1851 Australia. 1880s Rhodesia. 1886 South Africa. 1897 Klondike.

Golding, William. 1911-93. English morality novelist. Lord of the Flies 1954.

Goldoni, Carlo. 1707-93. Italian dramatist. Realistic comedy.

Gothic Art. 13C-. Church sculpture, illuminated manuscripts. Less idealized than Classical. Emotions portrayed.

Graces. Three beautiful attendants of Aphrodite. Aglaia, brightness. Euphrosyne, joy. Thalia, bloom.

Granada. 745-1492 Moors. Last Moslem kingdom in Spain. Alhambra.

Granados, Enrique. 1867-1916. Spanish Nationalist composer. 7 Operas. Set of Tonadillas. Dances. Goyescas 1911-13.

Gratian. Italian monk. Codified canon Law. Decretum Gratiani c1142.

Greer, Germaine. 1939-. Australian feminist writer. Female Eunuch 1970.

Grieg, Edvard. 1843-1907. Norwegian “miniaturist” composer: Peer Gynt 1875. Gentle and appealing music.

Griselda. Italian wife whose patience was tested by her husband, without complaint.

Guarantees, Law of. 1871. Failed to define relationship between papacy and Italian government. Lateran Treaty, 1929.

Guerra Santa (Holy War). 1848. Unsuccessful Italian revolution. Garibaldi. Mazzini.

Guido d’Arezzo. c990-1050. Italian Benedictine monk. Invented musical staff.

Guild Socialism. 1900-20. British movement for state- owned, worker-controlled industry.

Guinea. Fulani, Malinke, Soussou. 18C Moslem. 1882 French 1958 Independent.

Haeretico Comburendo. 1401. English statute legalizing the burning of heretics.

Haiti. Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 16-18C Slaves brought. 1697 Spain cedes to France 1804 Independent. 1915-34 US occupies. 1957-86 Duvalier dictators. 1994 US overthrow of military regime. 1972-2002 US returns refugee boat-people.

Halifax, First Earl of. 1661-1715. English Whig statesman. Started National Debt. Established Bank of England. 1694.

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