Cagliorosto. 1743-95. Italian charlatan in Louis XIV court. Diamond Necklace Affair.

Cahenslyism. 19C European Roman Catholics in US press Pope for pastors and parishes of their nationality.

California. 1542 Spain. 1769 Spanish colonize. Serra. 1822 Mexico. 1848 US. 1850 State.

Caligula, Gaius. 12-41. Ruthless Roman Emperor.

Caliphate Empire. 632-1258. Moslem Empire founded by Muhammad. From Afghanistan to north Africa and Spain. Umayyad. Abbasid.

Calvinism. New concept of work. Diligence, frugality, beyond satisfaction of material needs. Predestination. Strict Rectitude. Presbyterianism. Calvin. Remonstrants.

Camel, Battle of the. 656. Basra. Ali victory in first Moslem Civil War.

Campanella, Tommaso. 1568-1639. Italian monk, philosopher. City of the Sun 1602 parallels Plato’s Republic.

Camus, Albert. 1913-60. Existentialist absurd French writer: l’Étranger, Caligula.

Capitalism. System of private ownership of property and industry for profit. Free enterprise. Smith.

Caporetto, Battle. 1917. Disastrous Italian loss vs Austria and Germany.

Caravaggio. 1573-1610. Italian painter. Dramatic light, shadow. Naturalism. Fortune Teller, Guitarist 1590.

Cardano, Gerolamo. 1501-76. Italian physician. Described typhus fever.

Carducci, Giosue. 1835-1907. Italian Neoclassical poet.

Carissimi, Giacomo. 1604-74. Italian oratorio composer. Widened orchestral instrument variety.

Carlists. 1820-1937. Supporters, especially Basque, of Don Carlos’ claims vs Isabella under Salic Law.

Carthage. 814BC Phoenician colony. Dido. 574BC Independence after Tyre falls. 480BC Republic. 264-146BC Punic Wars. Hannibal. 146BC Rome razes, rebuilds. 439 Vandals plunder. 533 Byzantine. 705 Moslem. Tunis.

Caruso, Enrico. 1873-1921. Dramatic Italian tenor.

Carver, George W. 1864-1943. US agriculturalist. Former slave.

Cassini, César. 1714-84. Italian/French astronomer, cartographer of France.

Cassini, Giovanni. 1625-1712. Italian astronomer. Movement of moon.

Castiglione, Baldassare. 1478-1529. Italian writer. Ideal court gentleman. Il Cortigiano 1528.

Cateau-Cambresis, Treaty. 1559. Ended Italian Wars. Italy, Savoy to Spain. Calais to France.

Catherine of Sienna, St. 1347-80. Influential Italian mystic. Patron saint of Italy.

Cavalier, Jean. 1681-1740. Led Camisards 1702-4.

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