Apartheid. 1948-1994. Racial segregation in South Africa.

Apocrypha. 14 Books of the Old Testament excluded by Protestants and Jews.

Apollodorus. 5C BC. Athenian painter. Shading. No surviving work.

Apollonius of Perga. c262-190BC. Greek mathematician: named conic sections: ellipse, hyperbola, parabola.

April Theses. 1917. Lenin’s plan for Soviet takeover of state power from provisional government.

Archangels. Chief angels of Christian, Judaic, Islamic, other religions.

Archidamus II. Spartan king 469-427BC. Conflict w Athens.

Archimedes. 287-212BC. Greek mathematician: lever, screw. Principle of displacement of liquid. Screw pump 260BC. Catapult 215BC.

Ardennes, Battle. Battle of the Bulge.

Areopagus. Athenian council of elders.

Argonauts. Greek heroes who pursued the golden fleece.

Argus. 100 eyed keeper of Io, killed by Hermes. Hera gave eyes to the peacock.

Ariadne. Daughter of Minos. Gave Theseus the string to escape the Labyrinth.

Aristides. 540-468BC. Athenian general at Marathon.

Aristophanes. c450-388BC. Athenian poet and satirical dramatist: The Clouds 423, The Birds 414. Lysistrata.

Aristotle. 384-322BC. Greek philosopher, founder of Peripatetics: Unified theory of knowledge. Matter, potentially alive, strives to attain its living form. Stressed observation and logic. Deductive Reasoning. Free Will.

Ark of the Covenant. Built by Moses to house 10 Commandments.

Arlen, Harold. 1905-86. US songwriter. Over the Rainbow.

Armageddon. Site of battle at end of the world.

Armagnacs. Fought Burgundians for control of France through Charles VI regency 1395-1435. Arras.

Armenia. 9C BC Vannic kingdom. 8C BC Persians, Assyrians, Armenians settle. 521BC Persian. 331BC Alexander...Seleucid. 298 Rome. 387 Persia/Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 885 Independent kingdom. 1071 Seljuk. 13C Mongol. 1405 Ottoman/Persian. 1514 Ottoman. 1918 Independent. 1920 Russia/Turkey. 1990 Independent. CIS.

Armstrong, Neil. 1930-. US astronaut, first man on the moon, 22:56 EDT, July 20,1969.

Arnim, Bettina von. 1785-1859. German Romantic writer. Goethe’s Correspondence with a Child 1835.

Arnold, Matthew. 1822-88. English poet. Scholar-Gypsy 1853.

Arnolfo di Cambio. c1245-1302. Architect, Florence Cathedral.

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