Van Goyen, Jan. 1596-1656. Dutch landcape painter of familiar, commonplace.

Vanderbilt. 19C US Railroad magnate family. Founded university.

Villeroi. 1644-1730. French Marshal defeated at Ramillies.

Visconti. 1311-1450. Milanese noble family.

West, Benjamin. 1738-1820. US/English historical painter. Death of General Wolfe 1771.

Westminster Abbey. 7C Benedictine monastery. 1050-65 New Building, additions by Edward the Confessor; 1245 by Henry III. West towers 1745. Used for all British coronations since William I.

White Revolution. 1950-79. Iran land reform movement of Shah ended by Islamic Revolution.

William I. (Wilhelm) 1797-1888. Hohenzollern King of Prussia 1861-. German Empire. 1871-. Supportedf Bismarck vs Austria and France.

William I. The Conqueror. c1027-87. Norman conquest of England, 1066. Defeated Harold II at Hastings. Ordered Domesday Survey 1085. Built Tower of London 1086. Imported feudal system.

William I. The Silent. 1533-84. Prince of Orange. Dutch leader of Protestant revolt against Philip II of Spain. Founded dynasty to today. Netherlands.

William II. (Wilhelm). 1859-1941. German Emperor 1888-1918. Dismissed Bismarck. Sought world leadership. Precipitated WWI. Abdicated. -“I rule by God’s grace”.

William II. Rufus. 1056-1100. King of England 1087-. Brutal. Subjugated Scotland, Wales.

William III. 1650-1702. Prince of Orange 1672-. King of England with Mary II 1689-. Ended War of Grand Alliance 1697. Defeated James II at Battle of Boyne, reconquered Ireland 1690. Declared freedom of worship.

William IV. 1765-1837. King of Great Britain and Ireland, 1830-. “Sailor King”. Reform Bill 1832.

Windsor. 1917-. Surname of British royal family, replacing Wettin, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in WWI.

Xanthos, Sieges. Lycians defend against: 546BC Persians. 43BC Romans. Residents commit mass suicide both times. Asia Minor.

Xerxes I. 519-465BC. King of Persia, invaded Attica. Victor at Thermopylae. Salamis defeat preserved Greek independence. Crossed Hellespont 480BC.

York. Branch of the Anjou-Plantegenet family, Edward IV, Edward V, and Richard III. War of Roses.

Young Turk Movement. 1908. Overthrew Hamid II.

Zaibatsu. 1868-1946. Japanese family owned-cartels. Mitsui. Mitsubishi. Sumitomo. Yasuda.

Zeami Motokiyo. 1363-1443. Japanese No drama theorist, playwright. Kaden-sho 1400.

Ziggurat. 2200-500BC. Mesopotamian stepped pyramids.