South Africa. 1910 Britain unites possessions: Cape of Good Hope + Natal + Orange Free State + Transvaal = Union of South Africa. Constitution included white supremacy. 1920 +German South-West Africa by mandate. 1948 Apartheid. 1961 = Republic of South Africa; left Commonwealth. 1990 -Namibia 1994 ANC gains power.

South West Africa. German South-West Africa. Namibia.

Sri Lanka. (Ceylon). Veddah. 5C BC Sinhalese from northern India settle. 1100 Tamil(N)/ Sinh(S). 1505 Portugal. 1656 Netherlands. 1796 British. 1948 Independent. 1972 = Sri Lanka.

Stair, First earl. 1648-1707. Scottish under-secretary of state to William III. Approved Glencoe Massacre.

Stopes, Marie. 1880-1958. British Family Planning pioneer. First London birth control clinic 1921.

Stroganov. Wealthy Russian merchant family 16-17C. Helped colonise Siberia 1574. Aided czars.

Strozzi. Florentine noble family. Rivals of Medici.

Stuart. Family which ruled Scotland 1371-1714, England 1603-1714.

Stuart, Henry. 1725-1807. Last Stuart claimant to English throne. Left family jewels to George IV.

Sufism. 8/9C Persian Moslem movement. Soul’s personal union with God. =Islamic mysticism.

Sultan. Islamic spiritual and political leader.

SWAPO. Southwest African People’s Organization for Namibian independence. 1960 Founded by Nujoma, Toiva vs South African hegemony. 1971 UN recognition.

Taliban. 1994. Militia created to unite Afghanistan under Sharia, strict Islamic law. Wahabi.

Tamils. Dravidian people settled northern Sri Lanka, southern India 200BC.

Temple, William. 1628-99. English diplomat. Arranged Triple Alliance, marriage of William and Mary.

Themistocles. c523-460BC. Athenian archon, naval leader 493-480BC. Defeated Persians at Salamis, 480. Rebuilt Acropolis. Started Piraeus harbour.

Tissaphernes. -395BC. Persian satrap. Allied with Sparta. Reconquered Greek cities in Asia Minor.

Titian. c1489-1576. Venetian painter of dynamic composition and brilliant color. Assumption of Virgin 1518. Charles V 1548. Rape of Europa 1562. Piéta 1576.

Tokugawa Mitsukuni. 1628-1700. Feudal leader, key to History of Great Japan 1658-1906.

Tostig. -1066. Brother of English Harold II. Aided William the Conqueror and Norway’s Harold III invasions of England.

Tower of London. 1066- Palace for William I. Used as prison and garrison at later dates. White Tower 1078.

Troy. Asia Minor city settled c3000BC. Besieged for 10 yrs and destroyed by Greeks 1184BC. Trojan War. 7C BC-4C = Ilion.

Two-Power Standard. 1889. Hamilton declares that British fleet should be at least equal to naval strength of any 2 other countries. Abandoned 1912 by Churchill.

Uganda. 1844 Arab traders reach. 1862 British explore. 1894 British protectorate. 1962 Independent. Amin.

Ur. 4000BC Sumerian city on Euphrates River. Mesopotamian capital 26~21C BC.

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