Nicaragua. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1523 Spanish settle. 1821 Mexican Empire. 1826 CAF. 1839 Independent. Sandinistas.

October Revolution. 1917. Bolsheviks, Lenin and Trotsky overthrow Kerensky’s Socialist provisional government in Russian Revolution.

Partisans. Armed resistance in occupied territory. Yugoslav resistance under Tito, 1941-5.

Pater, Walter. 1839-94. English critic devoted to ideal. Studies in History of Renaissance. Marcus the Epicurean.

Paul III. 1468-1549. Pope 1534-. Sanctioned Jesuits.

Pausanius. Spartan. Drove Persians from Greece at Plataea, 479BC. Starved to death for plotting helot uprising.

Pausanius. c143-76. Lydian traveller, guidebook writer. Descriptions of Greece.

Peasants’ Crusade. 1096. Led by Walter the Penniless. Annihilated in Anatolia. Inspired First Crusade.

Peasants’ Revolt. 1381. Led by Wat Tyler vs poll tax. Tyler killed by London mayor in king’s presence. Richard II makes concessions but doesn’t follow through.

Peasants’ War. 1524-6. Geneva Anabaptist peasants crushed by nobles and clergy. Muntzer.

Petöfi, Sándor. 1823-49. Hungarian lyric poet. Hero of the 1848-9 revolution. Poetry of Liberation. János Vitéz 1845.

Pickens, Andrew. 1739-1817. American Revolutionary. Captured Atlanta.

Pinel, Philippe. 1745-1826. French physician. Revolutionized care of the insane at Salpêtrière with humane treatment.

Pisano, Andrea. 1270/90-1348/9. Italian sculptor. Florence Baptistery doors.

Pisano, Giovanni. c1254-1314. Italian Gothic sculptor, son of Nicola Perouse Fountain 1278. Pistoia Cathedral pulpit 1301. PIsa Cathedral pulpit 1302-10.

Pisano, Nicola. 1220-84. Founded school of sculpture at Pisa. Influenced Renaissance. Pisa Baptistery pulpit 1255-60.

Plantagenet, Richard. Duke of York. 1411-60. Protector during king’s insanity, 1454. Claims to succession led to War of Roses.

Plataea, Battle. 479BC. Persians driven from Greece by Pausanias.

Pléiade, La. 16C. French Renaissance poets, aimed to enrich French language. Ronsard, Bellay, Belleau, Jodelle, Dorat, Baïf, Tyard.

Pogrom. Attack on minority, usually Jews, sanctioned by government. 1881~1906 Russia. 1261 London. Poland, Germany during Hitler regime.

Popov, Aleksandr. 1859-1905. Russian physicist: radio antenna.

Porte St-Martin. Paris. 1674. Commemorates the capture of Besançon.

Pound, Ezra. 1885-1972. US poet/translator of Oriental and Provençale poetry. Pisan Cantos. Pro-Fascism led to incarceration in an asylum 1946-58.

Pragmatic Sanction. 1713. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI declares Maria Theresa as heir causing War of Austrian Succession.

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. 1438-61. France limits power of pope.

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