Malawi. c13C Chewa. 19C Yao, Ngoni. 1859 Explored by Livingstone. 1893 British protectorate. 1907 =Nyasaland. 1953 +Northern Rhodesia. 1964 Independent =Malawi. Zambia. Banda.

Malherbe, François de. 1555-1628. French poet. Foreshadowed classicism. Odes 1601.

Mali. Ancient Ghana. c1200 Mali Empire includes Senegal, Niger. 1460 Songhai Empire. c1600 Divided. c1880 =French Sudan. 1959 +Senegal +Sudanese Republic =Mali Federation. 1960 Independent -Senegal =Mali Republic.

Manifest Destiny. 1840s. Justified US expansionism.

Martello Towers. 1804. Swiss designed defensive towers on English coast against Napoleon.

Matabele War. 1894-6. Rhodesia natives vs British. Mediated by Rhodes. Ndebele.

Materialism. All nature is describable as moving particles. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Büchner. Diderot. Hobbes. Marx. Epicureans.

Medway, Battle. 1667. Dutch destroy British fleet. Breda Treaty.

Megalopolis. 370-222BC. Greek city destroyed by Spartan Cleomenes III.

Megarian. 4C BC. School of philosophy founded by Eucleides. Good is a single quality by many names.

Melfi, Constitution of. 1231. Administrative law code of Sicily. Basis of later law codes.

Mendelssohn-(Bartholdy), Felix. 1809-47. German Classical Romantic melodic composer. Hebrides 1829.

Merton, Provision of. 1236. Oldest Act of English Parliament.

Messerschmidt, Willy. 1898-1978. German plane designer and manufacturer, WWII.

Milan. c400BC Celtic. 222BC Rome. 539 Goths destroy. 12C Independent. 1277 Visconti. 1450 Sforzas. 1535 Spain. 1713 Austria. 1797 Napoleon. 1815 Austria. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Miltriades. c540-489BC. Victorious commander at Marathon.

Minerva. Roman goddess of wisdom and arts = Athena.

Mitchell, Reginald. 1895-1937. English designer of Spitfire aircraft.

Mnemosyne. Greek goddess of memory. Muses’ mother by Zeus.

Moholy-Nagy, László. 1895-1946. Hungarian Bauhaus painter, designer, photographer.

Monge, Gaspard. 1746-1818. French creator of descriptive geometry 1780.

Montecassino. 529. Oldest Benedictine Monastery.

More, Thomas. 1477-1535. English humanist, statesman. Utopia 1516, described ideal cooperative democracy. Executed by Henry VIII for opposing Act of Supremacy. Catholic saint.

Mussorgsky, Modest. 1839-81. Russian Nationalist composer. Boris Gudunov 1874. Pictures at an Exhibition 1874.

Nagasaki. Japanese city destroyed by 2nd A-bomb, Aug 9, 1945.

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