Borga, Assembly. 1809. Recognition of Finland as autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia.

Borgia, Cesare. 1476-1507. Ruthless Italian Machiavellian statesman. Son of Pope Alexander VI.

Boris III. 1894-1943. King of Bulgaria, 1918-. Hitler ally, but avoided war w USSR.

Borlaug, Norman. 1914-. US wheat scientist responsible for Green Revolution.

Born, Max. 1882-1970. German/British quantum physicist. Mathematics of atom behavior.

Borodin, Aleksander. 1833-87. Russian heroic composer. Prince Igor 1869.

Bosnia and Herzegovina. Balkans. 1180 Independent Kingdom. 1350 +Hum (Herzegovina). 1463 Ottoman. 1878 Austria-Hungary. 1797 France. 1805 Russia. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1946 Communist. 1992 Independent. 1993 Yugoslav Serbs invade. 1995 Dayton Accord.

Bosnian Crisis. 1908-9. Russia sides with Serbian rebels after Austria-Hungary annexation. Black Hand.

Bossuet, J.-B. 1627-1704. French prelate known for eloquent funeral orations. De Re Diplomatica 1681.

Boston Massacre. 1770. British soldiers kill 5 colonists rioting vs Townshend Acts. A cause of the American Revolution.

Böttger, Johann. 1682-1719. European discoverer of porcelain making process, 1709, Dresden.

Botticelli, Sandro. 1445-1510. Poetic Florentine Renaissance painter: Sistine fresco 1482.Birth of Venus 1485.

Bouchardon, Edme. 1698-1762. French Neoclassical sculptor. Equestrian Louis XV, Four Seasons Fountain, Cupid.

Boullée, Étienne. 1728-99. French grandiose Neoclassical architect.

Bourassa, Henri. 1868-1952. Montreal journalist, politician. Founded Le Devoir, 1910.

Bourgeois, Léon. 1851-1925. French statesman. League of Nations.

Bourgeoisie. French merchant, craft class. Marxist term for those who do not live by the sale of their labour. Proletariat.

Bourne, Randolph. 1886-1918. US pacifist essayist. Untimely Papers 1919.

Boxer Rebellion. 1900. Massacre of ‘foreign devils’ by Chinese led to reprisals and Peking Protocol.

Boyar. 10-17C. Russ. noble landowners.

Bragg, William. 1862-1942. English discoverer of crystallography by x-ray diffraction. with son Lawrence (1890-1971).

Brahmavihara. Brahman heaven, attained by sympathy, compassion, joy, equanimity.

Brahms, Johannes. 1833-97. German composer. “Romantic spirit controlled by a classical intellect”. Requiem 1868.

Bramah, Joseph. 1748-1814. English Invented combination lock 1784, hydraulic press, modern toilet.

Brandt, Willy. 1913-92. Pragmatic Social Democrat Chancellor of West Germany 1969-74.

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