Quasimodo, Salvatore. 1901-68. Italian humanist Hermetic poet: La Vita non e sogno. Oboe Somerso 1932.

Quatre Bars, Battle. 1815. Preliminary to Waterloo. Napoleon defeats Prussians.

Québecois, Parti. Political party dedicated to separating Quebec from Canada. Despite 1976 election majority, 1980 referendum rejected secession.

Queen Anne’s War. 1702-13. French vs English in North America in War of Spanish Succession.

Quesnay, François. 1694-1774. French economist, Physiocrat. “Laissez-faire” is a natural divinely appointed law. Tableau Économique 1758 -systematic study of political economy. Can maximize social satisfaction under free competition.

Quietism. 1696. Mystic religious movements. Passivity allows communication with God. Hinduism. Sufism. Molinos. Guyon. Fenelon. Soul in passive state is saved by divine spirit.

Quintuple Treaty. 1839. Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, Russia guaranteed Belgian integrity. London Treaty.

Rabin, Yitzhak. 1992-95. Israeli statesman. Military leader, Six Day War. PM 74-77, 92-95. Peace negotiater.

Rachmaninov, Sergei. 1873-1943. Russian/US pianist, composer. Romantic nostalgic works of great virtuosity. Prelude 1892.

Racine, Jean. 1639-99. Classical French tragedy playwright. Molière’s rival. Andromaque 1667. Britannicus 1669. Phèdre 1677.

Radek, Karl. 1885-1939. Russian. COMINTERN leader, propagandist. Purged.

Radishchev, Aleksandr. 1749-1802. Liberal Russian writer. Denounced serfdom. Exiled to Siberia.

Radisson and Groseilliers. Huguenot explorers of Minnesota, 1658-9.

Radowitz, Joseph von. 1797-1853. Prussian. Worked for unified Germany.

Radzin, Treaty. 1681. Ends First Russo-Turkish war. Russia gains Ukraine.

Rakovsky, Khristian. 1873-?. Russian Communist leader. Opposed Stalin. Imprisoned 1938.

Raman, C.V. 1888-1970. Indian physicist. Raman effect: wavelength shift of deflected light.

Rameau, Jean-Philippe. 1683-1764. Composer for harpsichord and operas based on classical themes. Castor and Pollux 1737. Pygmalion 1748.

Ramsay, William. 1852-1916. English chemist: discovered helium 1895; neon, krypton, xenon 1898.

Ramuz, Charles. 1878-1947. Swiss novelist: Terror on the Mountain 1925. Beauty on Earth 1927. Soldier’s Tale.

Rand, Ayn. 1905-82. Russian/US Objectivist novelist. Fountainhead 1943. Atlas Shrugged 1957.

Randolph, Peyton. 1721-75. American Revolutionary, first president of Continental Congress 1774.

Rankin, Jeanette. 1880-1973. First US Congresswoman. 1917-9, 1941-3. Only vote against declaring war on Japan. WWII.

Rapallo Treaty. 1920. Italy,Yugoslavia establish free city of Rijeka, settle borders. 1922 Normalized relations of Germany, USSR. Cancelled war indemnities.

Raphaël. 1483-1520. Italian High Renaissance classical painter, sculptor, architect. Vatican frescoes 1508-11. Madonnas 1505-7. Sistine Madonna 1513. Julius II.

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