Austrian Succession, War. 1740-48. Jenkins Ear and King George’s Wars. Maria Theresa recognized. Francis I becomes Holy Roman Emperor. Prussian power shown. Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty. Silesian War.

Austro-Prussian War. 1866. Austria excluded from German Confederation. Austrian influence in Italy ended. Dual Monarchy.

Aventine Secession. 1924. 150 Italian government members protest Fascist government. Matteotti.

Averescu, Alexandru. 1859-1938. Romanian General and Prime Minister. Suppressed 1907 peasant revolt.

Averroës, Ibn Rushd. 1126-98. Arab philosopher: eternity of creation, universal shared consciousness.

Azerbaijan. 1828 Persia/Russia. 1918 Independent. 1922 USSR. 1936 Azerbaijan SSR. 1991 Independent. 1992-4 Karabakh War. CIS.

Ba’al Shem-Tov. 1700-60. Polish founder of Hasidism. Holiness of ordinary existence.

Babbage, Charles. 1792-1871. British. Invented Difference Engine, 1823-34 -first computer. Founded British Association for the Advancement of Science 1831, Royal Astronomical Society 1820, Royal Statistical Society 1834.

Babylonia. c8000BC Tigris-Euphrates Civ’n. 1792-50BC Hammurabi’s emp. c1530 Kassite. 11C Aramaen, Assyrian. 625 Chaldean. 538 Achaemenid. 331BC Alexander.

Baccarat. 1765-. French glassmakers.

Bach, C.P.E. 1714-88. 3d son of JS. Developed sonata and symphonic forms. Influential Essay on Keyboard 1774.

Bacon, Francis. 1561-1626. English chancellor and philosopher. First king’s counsel. Favoured inductive over deductive reasoning. Separated Science from religion. New Atlantis 1625. B. Scientific method: Novum Organum 1620. Essays 1625.

Bacon, Henry. 1866-1924. US classical revival architect. Lincoln Memorial 1911.

Bacon, Roger. 1214-94. English Franciscan monk. Advocated scientific experiment, observation. Alchemist. Formulated gunpowder. Magnifying glass 1250. Opus Majus 1266.Telescope.

Bagehot, Walter. 1826-77. English social scientist/ essayist. The English Constitution 1867. Physics and Politics 1872. Lombard St. 1873.

Bakunin, Mikhail. 1814-76. Russian anarchist revolutionary. International movement. Advocated assassination. Dieu et l’état 1871.

Balaam. Biblical prophet. Blessed Israelites after ass rebuked him.

Balakirev, Mili. 1837-1910. Russian composer. Influenced 19C Russian music. Overture on Russian Themes 1897.

Balboa, Vasco de. 1475-1519. Spanish. Crossed Panama to Pacific 1513. Beheaded.

Balewa, Abubakar. 1912-66. First Nigerian Prime Minister 1957-. Assassinated by Ibos.

Balkan Crisis. 1875-8. Britain, Austria fear Russian expansion. Congress of Berlin.

Balkan Wars. 1912-13. Balkan League defeats Ottoman Empire. Turkish territory distributed. General dissatisfaction termed the “powder keg of Europe”.

Ballet. Dance form originating in 15C Italy, and codified in Louis XIV court. Refined by Russians 19C.

Baltic Entente. 1923-39. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania agreement for mutual defence vs Germany and Russia.

Bannockburn, Battle. 1314. Scots defeat English, assuring independence. Robert the Bruce.

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