Hope Hawkins, Anthony. 1863-1933. English author. Prisoner of Zenda 1894.

Horace. 65-8BC. Roman poet: Odes, Satires.

Hospitallers, Knights. 11C-. Order of St. John. First devoted to aid of pilgrims to Holy Land. Prominent in crusades. Bought Rhodes 1309. Expelled by Ottomans, 1522. Given Malta by Charles V, 1530. Expelled by Napoleon, 1798. = Knights of Malta.

Houston, Sam. 1793-1863. Texas Commander in revolt vs Mexico 1835-6. President, Texas Republic 1836~44.

Hudson’s Bay Company. 1670-. England. Explored Canada. Sought NW passage. Trading posts. Fur trade. Monopoly 1821-58. Seven Oaks Massacre.

Huguenots. 1510-18C. Persecuted French Calvinist Protestants. 300,000 expelled 1685. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Wars of Religion. Edict of Nantes. Henry of Navarre. Declaration of Rights of Man, 1789.

Hui-neng. 638-713. Chinese Zen priest. Satori-sudden enlightenment.

Human Rights. Agreed natural rights for all mankind. Stoics. Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789. Bill of Rights 1791. Buisson. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. Amnesty International.

Huron. North America Indian tribe massacred by Iroquois 1648-50. Oklahoma.

Husak, Gustav. 1913-91. Czech leader 1968-89. Put in power by Moscow during Czech Invasion. Pres 1975-89.

Husayn ibn Ali. 626-680. Shi’ite Moslem saint. Muhammad’s heir.

Hussars. 1458-. Light cavalry units, originally Hungarian.

Hussein, Saddam. 1937-. Iraqi Ba’ath dictator 1979-. Iran-Iraq War. Gulf War.

Hussite Wars. 1415-36. Huss followers vs HRE for religious reform and Bohemian nationalism. Utraquists.

Hutchinson, Anne. 1591-1643. Expelled from Massachussets. by Puritans, founded Rhode Is. 1637.

Huygens, Christiaan. 1629-95. Dutch physicist, mathematician. Discovered Saturn’s rings 1655. Pendulum clock 1657. Centripetal force 1659. Conservation of Energy 1669. Wave theory of light 1678.

Ibn Sa’ud. 1880-1953. Conqueror and king of Riyad 1902-, + Najd, Hasa, Asir, Hejaz; united as Saudi Arabia 1932-. Ended tribal wars. First oil wells 1933.

Ides of March. (March 15th). Day on which Caesar was assassinated.

Idomeneus. Greek Cretan king. Sacrificed son to Poseidon.

Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Indian Councils Act. 1909. British create an Indian representative legislature.

Indian Mutiny. 1857-9. Indian troops rebel vs British officers. Months of violence, massacres. East India Act. Ended Mogul Empire.

Indulgence. 800 Pardon for sin in place of penance. Granted by church, 12C as reward to Crusaders. Sold by church, 1313-. Abuse by Leo X led to Reformation.

Industrial Revolution. 1730-. Transformation from agricultural to urbanized manufacturing economy as a result of steam power. 1830 England, France. 1850 Germany. 1860 USA. Blanqui. Toynbee.

Innocent III. c1160-1216. Pope 1198-. Peak power of papacy. Fourth Crusade. Authorized incorporation of University of Paris 1215. Placed Inquisition under Franciscans and Dominicans. Crowned Frederick II.

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