Turner, Joseph. 1775-1851. English Romantic landscape painter. Original use of color. Reflections on water. Mature style more abstract. Snowstorm 1812. Rain, Speed, Smoke 1844.

Turner, Nat. 1800-31. US slave. Led revolt 1831, killing 51 whites. Repressive laws vs slaves enacted.

Turnverein. 1811. German Nationalist gymnastic movement vs Napoleon. Jahn.

Turpin, Dick. 1706-39. Romanticized English highwayman. Mythical York-London ride.

Tuscany. 1000BC Etruscans. 3C Rome = Tuscia. 6C Lombardy. 774 Franks. 12C Independent. 1434 Medici. 1737 Hapsburg-Lorraine. 1800 French Kingdom of Etruria. 1814 Hapsburg. 1849 Republic. 1861 Italy.

Tutankhamen. Egyptian pharaoh 1361-52BC. Restored traditions after Amarna Revolution. Tomb opened 1922.

Tutu, Desmond. 1931-. South African Anglican Archbishop. Hope and Suffering 1982. .

Tuvalu. 1764 British discover. 1892 British protectorate. 1915 «Gilbert and Ellice Island colony. 1978 Independent = Tuvalu.

TVA. Tennessee Valley Authority. New Deal hydroelectric project.

Twain, Mark. (Samuel Clemens) 1835-1910. US humorist: Innocents Abroad 1869. Tom Sawyer 1876. Huckleberry Finn 1885.

Tweed, William. 1823-78. NY city “boss” controlled patronage through Tammany Society. Exposed by NY Times.

Twelve Tables. 451BC Roman law code.

Twelve Tribes of Israel. Hebrews who settled promised land after Exodus. Each led by a son or grandson of Jacob (Israel). Hence, Israelites.

Twenty-One Demands. 1915. China submits to Japanese threats. Japan controls Manchuria, Mongolia and have access to ports and islands.

26th of July Movement. 1956-9. Castro rebels in Cuban Revolution. Named for date of failed attack on Santiago barracks 1953.

Two-Power Standard. 1889. Hamilton declares that British fleet should be at least equal to naval strength of any 2 other countries. Abandoned 1912 by Churchill.

Two Sicilies. Naples and Sicily. All Italy south of papal states. 11C Norman. 12C HRE. 1282 Angevin(N)/Aragon(S). 1443 Aragon. 1495-1504 French(N). 1713 Austria(N) /Savoy(S). 1734 Spain. 1759 Independent Bourbon. 1799-1802 France. 1861 Italy.

Two Thousand Words. 1968. Czech proclamation supporting Dubcek reforms prompts Russian Invasion.

Tyche. Greek goddess of chance. =Fortuna.

Tyler, Wat. -1381. Led English Peasants’ Revolt vs taxation 1381. Executed.

Tylor, Edward. 1832-1917. British founder of cultural anthropology.

Tyndale, William. 1494-1536. English Protestant martyr. First English language bible.

Tyndall, John. 1820-93. Irish physicist. Tyndall Effect - why the sky is blue.

Tynwald. 800- Isle of Man parliament, supreme court.

Tyrant. Originally any Greek ruler who seized power illegally. 5CBC- came to signify a cruel ruler.

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