International Brigades. 1936-9. 60,000 volunteers who opposed Franco in Spanish Civil War.

Investiture Controversy. 1075-1122. Gregory VII abolished Holy Roman Emperor’s power to invest bishops. Led to war with Henry IV. Concordat of Worms.

Iran-Iraq War. 1980-90. Iraq seeks oil rich Khuzestan. US supports war on Islamic regime.

Irish War. 1919-21. IRA fights for indepence. Irish Free State.

Ironclads. 1858-60. Iron-protected wooden warships.

Iroquois League. (League of 5 Nations). 1570-. Confederation of Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca. Fought for English in American Revolution, Seven Years War.

Isabella. 1292-1358. Ousted husband Edward II in favour of son, Edward III, 1327.

Isabella of Bavaria. 1371-1435. French Queen consort/regent 1389-1422. Recognized British heir to French throne. Treaty of Troyes. Hundred Years War.

Ishtar. Assyrian and Babylonian goddess of love, sex, and war. Earth Mother.

Italian Wars. 1494-1559. Spain, HRE defeat France for control of Italy.

Italo-Ethiopian War. 1935-6. Italy conquers Ethiopia. Demonstrated League of Nations ineffectiveness.

Italo-Turkish War. 1911-12. Italy gains Libya and Rhodes. 1911 First offensive use of airplane (vs Libya).

Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall”. 1824-63. Mexican War and Confederacy general. Bull Run, Shenandoah, Antietam.

Jacquerie Revolt. 1358. French peasants revolt vs tax increases to support Hundred Years War. Marcel.

Jassy, Treaty. 1792. Ends Russo-Turkish war. Russia gains Crimea.

Jay’s Treaty. 1794. Brititish concessions to US to avoid another war doesn’t appease Americans.

Jenkins’ Ear, War. 1739-43. England vs Spain over restrictions of trade with Spanish colonies...War of Austrian Succession. Spanish cut ear, 1731.

Jenner, Edward. 1749-1823. English doctor, discovered smallpox vaccine 1796.

Jesuit Estates Act. 1888. Quebec awards restitution to Jesuits for British land appropriation 1773.

Jihad. Moslem duty to spread Islam by holy war.

Jingoism. Excessive nationalism. Originally for British who intervened in Russo-Turkish War, 1877.

John. The Fearless. 1371-1419. Duke of Burgundy 1404-. War vs Armagnacs.1407 conquered Paris, won crown. Assassinated by Armagnacs during negotiations.

John II. The Good. 1319-64. King of France 1350.- Hundred Years War. Captured at Poitiers, ransomed for 3M écus. Annexes SW France.

Johnson, Lyndon. 1908-73. US president 1963-9. Great Society program. Education Act. Medicare. Vietnam War.

Joseph I. 1678-1711. Holy Roman Emperor 1705-. Supported Charles VI vs France in War of Spanish Succession.

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