Émigrés. Royalist sympathizers who fled France during Revolution.

Encyclopédists. 1751-72. Group who wrote encyclopaedia under Diderot. Voltaire, Helvetius, D’Alembert. As sceptics, they popularized social ideas which led to the French Revolution.

Engels, Friedrich. 1820-95. German socialist philosopher. Communist Manifesto 1848. Marx. Coined “Industrial Revolution” 1845. Finished Das Kapital 1894.

English Revolution. 1688. Glorious Revolution.

Fabian Society. 1883. English non-revolutionary socialist movement. Founded Labour Party. Shaw.

February Revolution. 1848. Established French Second Republic.

Filibusters. 1850s. US adventurers who illegally organized revolutions in Central America. Walker.

First Coalition. 1792. European countries opposed to French Revolution.

FLN. 1954-62. Algerian National Liberation Front conducts war vs France.

Flowers, Revolution of. 1974. Junta overthrows Caetano in Portugal. 1976 election.

Fouché, Joseph. 1758-1820. French Revolutionary. Minister of Police 1779~1815. Secret police. Intrigued vs Robespierre 1794, Napoleon 1799,1807; Louis XVIII 1814.

Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine. 1746-1795. Public prosecutor of the Revolutionary Tribunal during Terror. Guillotined.

Franklin, Benjamin. 1706-90. US author, scientist, revolutionary leader. Poor Richard’s Almanac 1732-57. Franklin Stove 1744. Lightning rod 1752. Bifocals 1784.

French Revolution. 1789-99. Monarchy overthrown. Republic established 1792. Caused by Absolutism, financial crisis, Enlightenment. Terror. Napoleon. French Revolutionary Wars.

French Revolution. 1830. After Charles X’s repressive Four Ordinances of St Cloud.

French Revolutionary Wars. 1792-1802. France vs European powers who opposed Revolution. Napoleonic Wars. Coalition. Pillnitz.

Fréron, Louis. 1754-1802. French Revolutionary. Conspired vs Robespierre.

Gage, Thomas. 1721-87. English general, Governor of Massachussets. 1774-5. Siezed munitions at Concord, American Revolution.

Galloway, Joseph. c1731-1803 British loyalist leader in American Revolution. Peaceful settlement proposal defeated.

Gang of Four. Chinese leaders, including Mao’s widow, convicted 1980 of Cultural Revolution abuses.

Gaspee. British boat burned 1772 by American rebels. Response, Intolerable Acts.

Gates, Horatio. c1728-1806. American Revolution general at Saratoga. Conway Cabal.

George III. 1738-1820. King of Great Britain and Ireland 1760-. Supported King’s Friends. Political instability. American Revolution. Insane 1810-.

Glorious Revolution. 1688. British Protestant William and Mary depose James II. Declaration of Rights, Bill of Rights 1689.

Green Mountain Boys. 1770. Ethan Allen’s Vermont militia in American Revolution.

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