Seebeck, Thomas. 1770-1831. Russian. Invented thermocouple, 1822.

Serbia. 7C Serbs. 890 Bulgar Empire. 1159 Nemanya unites. 1389 Ottoman. 1830 Autonomous Russian protectorate. 1878 Independent. 1882 Kingdom. 1913 +N Macedonia. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1946 People’s Republic of Yuguslavia. 1992 +Montenegro =Yugoslavia. Kosovo.

Seven Weeks War. 1866. Austro-Prussian War. Koniggratz.

Sholokhov, Mikhail. 1905-84. Russian writer. Don series.

Shostakovich, Dmitri. 1906-75. Russian. Composed complex profound intense personal works. Rebuked by Stalin. Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk 1934.

Slavophile. 19C Russian intellectual movement. Believed in superiority of Russian culture.

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. 1918-2008. Russian novelist. Expelled 1974. Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 1962. Gulag Archipelago 1973.

Speranski, Mikhail. 1772-1839. Russian adviser of Czar Alexander I. Reform advocate, law code compiler.

Sprengtporten, G.M. 1740-1819. Finnish colonel. Finland to join Russian Empire.

Stalingrad, Battle. 1942-3. Russian victory over Germans. Turning point of WWII.

Stanislavsky, Konstantin. 1863-1938. Russian director. Founded Moscow Art Theater 1898. Method Acting.

Stein, Karl, Freiherr von. 1757-1831. Reforming Prussian statesman helped abolish serfdom.

Stepniak, S. 1852-95. Russian Nihilist writer. Assassinated czar’s police chief. -“Life for life”.

Steuben, Baron von. 1730-94. Prussian general. Trained, organized American Revolution army 1778-.

Stolypin, Pyotr. 1862-1911. Russian Prime Minister 1906-. Used secret police to control revolutionaries. Moderate reforms.

Stravinsky, Igor. 1882-1971. Russian/US composer. New freedom of rhythm. Fire Bird 1910. Rite of Spring 1913, full of energy and virtuosity.

Stroganov. Wealthy Russian merchant family 16-17C. Helped colonise Siberia 1574. Aided czars.

Suprematism. 20C. Russian school of geometric abstract art.

Tannenberg, Battle. 1410. Victory of Poles and Lithuanians ends Teutonic Knights’ expansion. 1914. Germans rout 2 Russian armies, crippling them for rest of WWI.

Tarkovsky, Andrei. 1932-86. Russian poetic filmmaker. Stalker. Sacrifice.

Tatarstan. 8C Bulgars settle. Tatars. 13C Golden Horde. 1552 Russia. 1991 Independent Republic within Russian Federation.

Tchaikovsky, Peter. 1840-93. Russian composer of operas and ballets with emotional appeal. Swan Lake 1877. Sleeping Beauty 1890. Nutcracker 1892.

Temporary Rules. 1882-1912. Russian anti-Jewish restrictions after pogrom 1881.

Tereshkova, Valentina. 1937-. Russian. First woman in space 1963.

Tolstoy, Lev. 1828-1910. Russian historical novelist. Moralist. Occupied with social reforms; freed his serfs. Founded Christian anarchist religion. War and Peace 1863-9. Anna Karenina 1875-7.

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