Iron Cross. 1813. Prussian military decoration.

Ivan IV. The Terrible. 1530-84. First Russian czar 1547-. Expanded Russia. Established Czar’s power.

Jena-Auerstadt, Battles. 1806. Napoleonic victories over Prussians led to fall of Berlin.

Junkers. Prussian landowner class. Dominated admin., military.

Kadet. 1905-17. Russian moderate party in Duma.

Kaliningrad. 1946- On site of Königsberg, destroyed 1945. Russian enclave surrounded by Poland, Lithuania.

Kamenev, Lev. 1883-1936. Russian Bolshevik leader in Triumvirate with Stalin, Zinoviev, 1922-. Executed in Purge.

Kandinsky, Wassily. 1866-1944. Russian/French. First pure nonfigurative abstract painter. Influenced by Anthroposophy. Blaue Reiter 1903.

Karelia. 1710 Russian. 1917 Finland. 1923 Autonomous Karelian SSR. 1940 USSR. 1946 Russian SSR.

Katyn Affair. 1940 massacre of Polish officers by Russian troops discovered 1943. Denied, blamed on Nazis. Ignored by Allies. Soviets admit responsibility, 1992.

Kirgizstan. Russian. 1926 Autonomous republic. 1936 USSR. 1991 CIS.

Kornilov, Lavr. 1870-1918. Russian general. Kerensky’s Commander-in-Chief, 1917. Failed coup vs Kerensky. Led Anti-Bolshevik White Army.

Korolyov, Sergei. 1906-66. Russian scientist. Designed first satellite, first spacecraft.

Kosygin, Aleksey. 1904-80. Russian Prime Minister 1964- with Brezhnev.

Kremlin. 1156 walled city. Moscow Imperial Palace to 1712. Now houses Russian government.

Krylov, Ivan. 1769-1844. Russian satirical writer. Fables 1809.

Kutuzov, Mikhaïl. 1745-1813. Russian general. Repelled Napoleon, 1812.

Ladislaus I. 1040-95. King of Hungary 1077-. National hero, defeated Poles, Russians, Tatars. Conquered Croats.

Latvia. 9C Varangian. 1158 Teutonic Knights. 1561 Poland(S). 1629 Sweden(N). 1721 Russian(N)...1795 Russian(all). 1918 Independent republic. 1934 Ulmanis dictator. 1940 USSR. 1941-45 German occupation. 1991 Independent.

Lenin, Vladimir Illyich. 1870-1924. Russian Bolshevik revolutionary. Dictator 1917-. Created authoritarian, elite, disciplined organization.

Lermontov, Mikhail. 1814-41. Russian Romantic Caucasus poet: Hero of Our Time 1840. Exiled 1837-38,40.

Lobachevsky, Nikolay. 1792-1856. Russian. Invented non-Euclidian geometry, 1826.

Lomonosov, Mikhail. 1711-65. Russian writer/scientist. Established U of Moscow. Reformed Russian literary language.

Luna 2. 1959 Russian spacecraft. Hard moon landing.

Luna 9. 1966 Russian spacecraft. Soft moon landing.

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