Sarmiento, Domingo. 1811-88. First civilian Argentine president. 1868-74.

Saturn. Roman god of agriculture and civilization. = Cronus. Saturnalia festival influenced Christmas.

Savigny, Friedrich von. 1779-1861. German jurist, historian of Roman and medieval law. Modern system of civil law.

Shenandoah. Site of American Civil War battles 1861-5.

Sherman, William. 1820-91. American Civil War general. -“War is hell”.

Shiloh, Battle. 1862. Second American Civil War battle. No clear victor.

Sonderbund. 1845-7. League of Catholic Swiss cantons defeated in civil war.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Sulla, Lucius. 138-78BC. Roman consul 88-79. Dictator 82-79. Civil war with Marius. Murdered thousands of opponents. Conquered Athens. Constitutional reforms.

Sumerians. c6000-2000BC Civilization in Tigris-Euphrates valley. First writing system. First legal code. Akkad. Ur.

Sumter, Fort. 1861. Confederate attack. First aggression of American Civil War.

Thoreau, Henry. 1817-62. US naturist, anarchist essayist: Civil Disobedience 1848. Walden 1854.

Tigris-Euphrates. SW Asian river system. Assyrian, Chaldean civilizations.

Toynbee, Arnold J. 1889-75. English historian on the cyclicality of civilizations. Study of History 1934-61.

Trent Affair. 1861. US sieze British mail ship in Civil War, remove two Confederate commissioners.

Tribonian. -545 Byzantine. Compiled Corpus Juris Civilis law code 529.

26th of July Movement. 1956-9. Castro rebels in Cuban Revolution. Named for date of failed attack on Santiago barracks 1953.

Ulster Troubles. 1969-. Unionist attack on civil rights march led to revival of hostilities.

Union. The North. States which did not secede during the American Civil War. Confederacy.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. USSR. 1917 Communist revolution, Civil War. 1923 Union of states. 1939 +Galicia. 1940 +Baltic States, Bessarabia, Karelia. 1945 +Ruthenia. Recognized: 1923 US, 1924 Britain, 1940 Yugoslavia. 1991 Dissolved. Russia.

Villiers, G. 1592-1628. First Duke of Buckingham. Incompetent favourite of Charles I who dissolved parliament to prevent his impeachment, 1626 causing Civil War.

Wakefield, Battle. 1460. War of Roses. 1643 English Civil War.

Westminster, Statute of. 1275,85,90. First reference to Great Council of England as Parliament. Reformed civil and criminal law. Legal protection for poor. 1931. British affirmation of autonomous dominion of British Empire countries. Established British Commonwealth.

Worcester, Battle. 1651. Cromwell defeats Royalists. Last revolt after English Civil War.

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