Norway. 872 United by Harald Fairhair. 1130- Civil wars. 1397 Danish. 1814 Swedish. 1905 Independent. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

Obregón, Alvaro. 1880-1928. Reforming Mexican President 1920-24. Peace after civil war.

Olmecs. c1150-800BC. Mexican Gulf coast civilization.

Ormonde, Duke of. 1610-88. Irish Stuart supporter during Civil War.

Osiris. Vegetation god who introduced civilization to Egypt. God of underworld.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

Palmerston, Lord. 1784-1865. English Whig Prime Minister 1855~65. Secretary of War 1809-28. Foreign Secretary 1830~51. Crimean War. American Civil War.

Parks, Rosa. 1913-. US ‘mother’ of Civil Rights Movement. Arrested, 1955, for not relinquishing her seat to a white man. King.

Pendleton Civil Service Act. 1883. US creates merit based civil service system vs Spoils System.

Peninsular Campaign. 1862. Failed Union attempt to take Richmond in American Civil War.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Phalangists. 1936-2000 Militant Maronites vs Moslems in Lebanese Civil War.

Prefect. Roman civil servants delegated Consul’s power.

Preston, Battle. 1648. Cromwell defeats Charles I last forces in English Civil War.

Protectorate. 1653-9. English government after Civil War by Instrument of Government. Cromwell.

Pym, John. 1583-1643. English Puritan. Led Long Parliament. Civil War.

Randolph, A. Philip. 1889-1979. US black civil rights/labor leader. March on Washington 1963.

Reconstruction. 1865-77. Post Civil War US. Military control of south. Civil Rights Act. Carpetbaggers.

Reforma. 1854-76. Mexican civil war. Ouster of Santa Anna. Reduced power of army, church. Tejada Law. Juárez.

Republic, Second Spanish. 1931-9. President Zamora, Azaña. Spanish Civil War.

Roebling, John. 1806-69. US civil enginerer. First steel cable suspension bridges. Began Brooklyn Bridge.

Rosenberg, Julius, Ethel. 1918,1916-53. First US civilians executed for spying for Soviet Union.

Roundhead. Derisory term applied to Parliamentarians during English Civil War.

Rupert, Prince. 1619-82. Royalist commander in English Civil War. First President of Hudson’s Bay Co.

Sanctuary, Right of. Established 4C Rome. England until 1623 (criminal), 18C (civil). Europe until 1789. Asylum in church for 1 month.

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