American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

Amorites. 1900-1600BC. Babylonian civilization conquered Sumerians. Hammurabi.

Aryans. 2000BC. Nomads from Steppes spread to India. Founded Indus Civilization, 3240-2750BC. Hyksos Empire in Syria, 1720-1550BC. Introduced horse chariots. Basis for all Indo-European languages.

Barton, Clara. 1821-1912. US Civil War nurse. Founded US Red Cross 1881.

Beirut. 20C BC Phoenicia. 15BC Rome. 635 Moslem. 1110 Crusaders. 1187 Saladin. 1516 Ottoman. 1291 Mameluk. 1920 Capital of Lebanon. 1975-90 Lebanese Civil War.

Benefit of Clergy. 1170-1827. Literates and clergy exempt from trial by English civil court. 1489- Once only, branding. Jonson.

Brady, Matthew. c1823-96. US Civil War photographer.

Britain, Battle of. 1940-1. German blitz air raids on British civilian centers. RAF defeats Luftwaffe, averting invasion.

Buchanan, James. 1791-1868. US President 1857-61. Compromise policy failed to avert civil war.

Burckhardt, Jacob. 1818-97. Swiss cultural historian. Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 1860.

Camel, Battle of the. 656. Basra. Ali victory in first Moslem Civil War.

Castro, Fidel. 1926-. Cuban lawyer. Cuban Revolution. Dictator 1959-.

Cavaliers. Royalist partisans in English Civil War.

Charles I. 1600-49. King of Great Britain and Ireland. 1625-. Attempted to rule without Parliament. Defeated in Civil War. Beheaded.

Charles VI, the Well-beloved. 1368-1422. King of France 1380-. Insanity led to Civil War. Berry.

Charter. 1814-1830. French Constitution: Constitutional Monarchy, civil liberties, religious toleration.

Chinese Civil War. 184 Yellow Turban Rebellion. 1622- Red Hat Rebellion. 1946-9 Communists rebel vs Kuomintang. People’s Republic established.

Chinese Examination System. 124BC-1905. Civil service exams testing knowledge of Confucius.

Civil Rights Acts. US. 1866 Black citizenship. 1964 Ends all legal discrimination. 1968 Bans housing discrimination. 1991 Equal employment.

Civil Rights Movement. 1950-91. US movement to obtain rights for blacks. 1955 Parks. 1963 March on Washington. King speech. 1991 Civil Rights Act.

Confederacy. 1861-5. Rebel US government in American Civil War.

Cornwallis Code. 1793. For civil servants in India. No private trade. No Indians in important posts.

Corpus Juris Civilis. Developed 529-35. Roman legal code. Influenced European legal systems.

Cotton Famine. 1861-5. English depression due to supply cut-off during American Civil War.

Crete. c6100BC Knossos civilization. 3500BC Minoan. 1100BC Greek 67BC Rome. 826 Saracen. 960 Byzantine. 1205 Venice. 1669 Ottoman. 1912 Greece. 1941-45 Germany occupies.

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