Franco-Russian Alliance. Dual Alliance.

Frankfurt, Treaty. 1871. Ended Franco-Prussian War. France paid indemnity, gave up Alsace-Lorraine.

Frederick II. The Great. 1712-86. Powerful Prussian king. Siezed Silesia from Austria. Patron of Arts. Liberal internal reforms.

Fürstenbund. “League of Princes” 1785. Prussian-led association of German states vs Joseph II.

Galicia. 6C Lechs/Ruthenians settle. 10C Russian. 1087 Independent prin. 1241 Mongol. 1349 Pol. 1772 Austrian. 1918 Pol. 1939 USSR(E).

Glinka, Mikhail. 1804-57. First important Russian Nationalist composer. A Life for the Czar 1836.

Gneisenau, August. 1760-1831. Prussian general vs Napoleon.

Godunov, Boris. 1551-1605. Russian czar 1598-.

Gogol, Nikolai. 1809-52. Russian Realist writer. Dead Souls 1842.

Goldman, Emma. 1869-1940. Russian/US anarchist. Deported from US, 1919.

Gorky, Maxim. 1868-1936. Russian writer. Childhood 1913-14.

GPU. 1922-23. Russian Secret Police. OGPU.

Hardenberg, Karl von. 1750-1822. Prussian chancellor 1810- during Napoleonic Wars. Citizenship to Jews.

Herzen, Aleksandr. 1812-70. Russian revolutionary writer.

Hungarian Uprising. 1703-11. Ferenc Rákóczi II led vs Hapsburg centralism. No real change achieved. 1956. Student-led revolt crushed by Russian troops. Kádár puppet government established. Nagy executed.

Igor. 1151-1202. Russian prince defeated by Polotsy. Hero of literature.

Inkerman, Battle. 1854. Crimean War defeat of Russians by English and French.

Intelligentsia. 19C. Educated middle class Russians seeking reform.

Iron Cross. 1813. Prussian military decoration.

Ivan IV. The Terrible. 1530-84. First Russian czar 1547-. Expanded Russia. Established Czar’s power.

Jena-Auerstadt, Battles. 1806. Napoleonic victories over Prussians led to fall of Berlin.

Junkers. Prussian landowner class. Dominated admin., military.

Kadet. 1905-17. Russian moderate party in Duma.

Kaliningrad. 1946- On site of Königsberg, destroyed 1945. Russian enclave surrounded by Poland, Lithuania.

Kamenev, Lev. 1883-1936. Russian Bolshevik leader in Triumvirate with Stalin, Zinoviev, 1922-. Executed in Purge.

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