Edward II. 1284-1327. King of England, 1307-. Defeated by Scots at Bannockburn. Deposed by wife, Isabella. Templars.

Firearms. 1247 used at Siege of Seville.1327 Edward III uses canon vs Scots. 1364 Perugia First handguns. 1640 Flintlock.

MacAlpin. Kenneth I. -858. First King of Scots and Picts.

Mary Stuart. 1542-87. Queen of Scots 1542-67. Abdicated. Married Francis II. Queen of France 1559-60. Married Darnley 1565. Married Bothwell 1567, causing Scottish Revolt. Beheaded with Babington by Elizabeth I. Mother of James I.

Scotland. c4000BC Inhabited. c1800BC Beaker people. c300BC Celts (Picts). Caledonia. c500 AD Scots (Celts from Ireland) settle. 832 MacAlpin unifies. 945 + Cumbria + Strathclyde. c1016 + Lothian. 1328 Independence acknowledged by England. 1603 James VI becomes James I of England. 1707 Great Britain. 1801 United Kingdom.

Scots Confession. Knox’s Calvinist doctrine, adopted by Scottish parliament 1560.

Stuart, Esme. 1542-83. Planned rescue of Mary Queen of Scots. Exiled.

Ulster. 5C Independent kingdom. 1171 De Courci conquers for England. 1594-1601 Failed rebellion. 1610 Presbyterian Scots settle. 1920 Northern Ireland.

Coldstream Guards. 1650. Marched to London to restore Charles II.

Cultural Revolution. 1966-9. Mao’s Red Guards purge China of bourgeois, capitalist elements.

Grenadier Guards. 1656.

Julius II. 1443-1513. Pope 1503-. Joined Holy League vs France. Patron of Michelangelo, Raphael. Swiss Guards.

Kent State Massacre. 1970. Ohio National Guardsmen kill 4 student anti-Vietnam War demonstrators.

Life Guards. 1660.

Mameluks. Egyptian slave bodyguards who formed 1250-1382 Bahrite, 1382-1517 Burjite dynasties. Overthrown by Turks. Ali Pasha.

Red Guards. 1966-69. Paramilitary student units during Chinese Cultural Revolution.

Swiss Guards. 1505- Swiss Mercenaries protecting monarchs, Pope. 600 massacred at Tuileries 1791. 1825- Incorporated in Vatican forces. Julius II.

Tuileries, Storming of. 1792 Massacre of Swiss Guards. King’s authority suspended. French Revolution.