Royal Titles Act. 1876. Declared Victoria Empress of India.

Rupert, Prince. 1619-82. Royalist commander in English Civil War. First President of Hudson’s Bay Co.

Salic Law. 6C penal code issued by Clovis. Incorrectly cited 14-19C to limit royal succession to males; Spain by Philip V, 1713. Victoria. Isabella II.

Savonnerie. 1604-1826. Royal French carpet makers incorporated into Gobelins.

Sèvres. 1756-. Royal French porcelain makers.

Southampton. 4th earl. 1606-67. Royalist adviser, treasurer 1660-7.

Strathcona and Mount Royal, First Baron. 1820-1914. Canadian statesman key to Canadian Pacific Railway; drove last spike.

Suger. 1081-1151. French Abbot of St-Denis, royal adviser. Rebuilt abbey, initiating Gothic style.

Tirpitz, Alfred von. 1849-1930. German naval minister 1897-1916. Built fleet to rival Royal Navy.

Tory. Term (Irish = outlaw) applied 1679 to Duke of York supporters. English Royalist political party 1690-1830, refounded as Conservative Party 1833. In US: =colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Ultraroyalists. 19C. French advocates of increased powers for Louis XVIII.

Vendée, Wars. French Royalist uprisings of 1793,4,9, 1815,32.

Winchester. 972 First royal standard units of measure.

Windsor. 1917-. Surname of British royal family, replacing Wettin, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in WWI.

Windsor Castle. British royal residence since 9C.

Winterhalter, Franz-Xaver. 1805-73. German royal portrait painter. Empress Eugénie 1854.

Wood, John. 1704-54. English Palladian architect: Royal Crescent, Bath 1767.

Worcester, Battle. 1651. Cromwell defeats Royalists. Last revolt after English Civil War.

Zuccarelli, Francesco. 1702-88. Italian landscape artist. Influenced English. Florentine Royal Academy 1768.

Academy. c387BC-529. Greek school founded by Plato dedicated to exploration of science and philosophical truth. Closed by Justinian.

Arcadia, Academy of. 1690. 1925 =Italian Literary Academy. Originally known for poetic, pastoral style.

Baïf, Jean Antoine de. 1532-89. French Pléiade poet. New metrical forms. Founded Academy of Music and Poetry 1571, in Paris.

Florentine. School of Painting. 1270 Academy of Fine Arts. Express humanist ideas through art. Realism and chiarascuro. DaVinci, Michelangelo, Raphael.

French Academy. Académie Française.

Johanan ben Zakkai. 1C Pharisee. Founder of Jabne Academy, 70. Foundations of Rabbinic and Talmudic Judaism.

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