Pydna, Battle. 168BC. Romans defeat, divide Macedonia.

Pyrrhus. 319-272BC. King of Epirus. Defeated Romans at Heraclea and Ausculum at great cost (Pyrrhic Victory). Memoirs.

Quintilian. c35-96. Roman educationalist. Institutio Oratoria 95. Modern ideas of education.

Quirinus. Roman god of war. Romulus deified.

Rachmaninov, Sergei. 1873-1943. Russian/US pianist, composer. Romantic nostalgic works of great virtuosity. Prelude 1892.

Rastatt, Congress of. 1713. After War of Spanish Succession, Holy Roman Empire renounces claim to Spanish throne. 1797-9. Failed at peace between France and HRE.

Ravenna. 402 Western Roman Empire capital. 476 Ostrogothic capital of Italy. 553 Byzantine. 751 Lombard. 754 Franks. 1278 Papal States. 1441 Venice. 1509 Papal States. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Reformation. 16C religious movement against practices of Roman Catholic church led to founding of Protestant churches. Luther. Calvin. Knox. Zwingli. Henry VIII.

Reichskammergericht. 1495-1806. Supreme Court of Holy Roman Empire.

Reichstag. Ruling body of HRE and German states. = Imperial Diet.

Renaissance Architecture. Italy 15C-. England 1558-1702. Intellectual search for harmony with Roman and mathematical proportions. Michelangelo. Bramante. Brunelleschi. Manetti.

Renart, le Roman de. Group of French adventure romances written in the 12-13C.

Restitution, Edict. 1629. HRE restores lands to Roman Catholic Church taken by Protestants since 1552.

Revolutions of 1848. Vienna, Prague, Venice. Romanticism, economic problems, bad harvest, unrest within Austrian Empire led to concessions, abdication of Emperor Ferdinand I.

Rhaetia. Roman alpine province conquered 15BC.

Richard. 1209-72. English. King of the Romans 1256-71.

Ricimer. -472. Roman general. Defeated Vandals, deposed Emperor.

Roman Catholic Church. 30-. Branch of Christianity recognizing Pope as successor to St Peter. East-West Schism. Eastern Orthodoxy. Protestantism.

Roman Empire. 27BC Augustus. 395 Split into Empire of the West and Eastern Roman Empire =Byzantine Empire. Rome.

Roman Question. 1861-1929. Italy vs Papacy over control of Rome. Lateran Treaty.

Romance Languages. European languages deriving from Latin.

Romanesque Architecture. 4-15C. Barrel vault. Plain. Massive piers. Masonry vaulting. Blend of Byzantine and Roman influences. Gothic.

Romanesque Art. 11-12C Powerful imagery, grand conception. Fused Byzantine, Teutonic, Roman.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Romanov. Russian dynasty 1613-1917. Michael.

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