Adelard of Bath. 1090-c1150. English mathematician/translator introduced Arabic numerals.

Adonis. Beautiful youth, beloved of Aphrodite and Persephone, worshipped by the Phoenicians.

Aeschylus. 524-456BC. Founded Greek tragic drama. Introduced 2nd actor, reduced chorus. Prometheus Bound. Seven Against Thebes, 467.

Alarcón, Pedro de. 1833-91. Spanish novelist: El sombrero de tres picos, 1874.

Albert I. 1875-1932. King of Belgians, 1909. Led army WWI. Introduced universal male suffrage.

Alexander II. 1818-81. Russian Czar 1855-. Emancipated serfs, 1861. Established elected assemblies, Zemstvo, settled Crimean War. Assassinated by Narodniki.

Alpini, Prospero. 1553-1616. Italian physician. Introduced coffee and bananas to Europe.

Alvarado, Pedro de. c1486-1541. Spanish conquerer of Guatemala and El Salvador. Conquistador to Mexico.

Ambrose, St. c340-397. Bishop of Milan. Introduced Plainsong (chant) into church music.

Aphrodite. Greek goddess of love and beauty, Roman Venus.

Aryans. 2000BC. Nomads from Steppes spread to India. Founded Indus Civilization, 3240-2750BC. Hyksos Empire in Syria, 1720-1550BC. Introduced horse chariots. Basis for all Indo-European languages.

Astarte. Semitic goddess. =Aphrodite.

Augustine, St. 354-430. Author of Confessions, City of God. Bishop of Hippo. “God is omnipotent.” Introduced Neoplatonic Determinism to Christianity. Church should rule state.

Barrault, Jean-Louis. 1910-94. French actor, producer. F. Théâtre d’Orsay.

Bernoulli, Daniel. 1700-82. Swiss discoverer of hydrodynamics. Hydrodynamica 1738.

Borodin, Aleksander. 1833-87. Russian heroic composer. Prince Igor 1869.

Borodino, Battle. 1812. Napoleon defeats Kutuzov on way to Moscow.

Brut. Unrestricted style of art produced by those outside of society: insane, criminal, etc.

Cadmus. Mythical founder of Thebes. Introduced alphabet to Greeks. Europa’s brother.

Caffaro di Caschifellone. c1080-1166. Genoese crusader, wrote chronicles.

Campin, Robert. 1378-1444. Flemish artist. Mérode Altarpiece c1428.

Cid, El. (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar). c1043-99. Spanish hero, who fought for Moors and Christians. Idealized in 1140 epic El Cantar de mio Cid. Conquered and ruled Valencia 1094-99.

Cleisthenes. Athenian. First democratic constitution 509BC. Introduced ostracism.

Commune. 1789-94. Paris council. Overode the National Assembly by controlling administration.

David I. 1084-1153. King of Scotland 1124-. Introduced feudalism to Scotland.

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