Iron Guard. 1924-41. Romanian anti-semite fascist party.

Italian Wars. 1494-1559. Spain, HRE defeat France for control of Italy.

Ito Hirobumi. 1841-1909. Westernizing Japanese statesman. First Parliament 1890.

Jahn, Friedrich. 1778-1852. German “father of gymnastics”. Turnverein.

James V. 1512-42. Catholic king of Scotland, 1513-. Allied with France vs Henry VIII.

Jamestown. 1607. First permanent English settlement in North America.

Janissaries. 1330-1826. Ottoman sultan’s powerful bodyguard. First recruited from Christian children. Massacred by Mahmud II after revolt.

Janus. Roman god with two faces to guard doorways, beginnings and endings.

Jaspers, Karl. 1883-1969. German Existential philosopher. Philosophie 1932.

Jauhar. Indian woman’s suicide by fire before husband’s expected death in battle.

Java Man. First known fossils of Homo Erectus, discovered 1891.

Jean de Meung. 1240-1305. French poet. Roman de la Rose 1280.

Jerusalem. 3500BC settled. c1000BC David conquers for Israel. 721BC Assyrians conquer. Lost Tribes. 586BC Nebuchadnezzar. 539BC Cyrus. 332BC Alexander...320BC Ptolemy I Soter. 197BC Seleucid. 167BC Hasmonaean. 63BC Rome. 324 Byzantine. 614 Persia. 637 Moslem. 1099 Crusades. Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1260 Mameluk. 1517 Ottoman. 1917 British Mandate. 1949 Israel/Jordan. 1967 Israel re-unites. 1996 Israel/Palestinian Authority.

Jewish Agency. 1929-. Founded by Weizmann to support Zionist cause in Palestine.

Jewish Revolts. vs Romans. 66-73: Failed, Temple destroyed. 132-5: Suppressed by Hadrian. Jews banished from Jerusalem.

Jiménez, Francisco. 1436-1517. Spanish cardinal, statesman. Founded University of Alcalá.

Jinnah, Muhammed Ali. 1876-1948. Founded Moslem League 1934. Demanded partition of India. First gov-gen. of Pakistan.

Jodl, Alfred. 1890-1946. German general. Signed capitulation at Reims. Condemned at Nuremberg.

Joffre, Joseph. 1852-1931. French marshal. Won at Marne 1914. French Commander-in-Chief 1914-16.

John. Lackland. 1167-1216. King of England 1199-. Lost Normandy. Forced to sign Magna Carta 1215. Excommunicated 1209. Lost Anjou.

John III. 1629-96. King of Poland 1674-. “Champion of Christendom” saved Vienna from Turks 1683.

John V. 1332-91. Byzantine Empire 1341~91. Tried to unite East-West Schism to fight Turks.

Johnson, Amy. 1903-41. Pioneer British airwoman.

Jonson, Ben. 1572-1637. English poet, dramatist: Drink to me Only with Thine Eyes. Every Man in his Humour 1601. Alchemist 1610. 1598 escaped gallows by Benefit of Clergy.

Jordan. 13C BC Hebrew(W). 6C BC Nabataean(E). 4C Seleucid(N)/Ptolemy(S). 63BC Rome. 637 Moslem. 1918 British mandate, Hashimite kingdom. 1946 Independent Transjordan. 1949 = Jordan.

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