Holy Leagues. 1495 Repelled French invasion of Italy. 1511 Forced France from Italy. 1520 Spanish cities vs HRE. 1526 Failed to force HRE from Italy. 1538 Opposed Schmalkaldic League. 1571 vs Turks. 1576 Opposed Protestantism in France. 1609 vs Protestant Union. 1684 vs Ottomans.

Holy Roman Empire. 962-1806. Germanic Empire with elected king. Successor to Western Roman Empire. Geographically: Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria; most of Italy, Bohemia; part of France. Hapsburg. Austrian Empire.

Homo Sapiens. 350,000BC. Neanderthal.

Honecker, Erich. 1912-94. East German President 1971-89.

Honorius Flavius. 384-423. Roman Emperor of the West 393-. Rome sacked by Visigoths 410.

Hopkins, Gerald Manley. 1844-89. English poet.

Horace. 65-8BC. Roman poet: Odes, Satires.

Horatio. Roman hero. Stood alone vs Etruscan army.

Hospitallers, Knights. 11C-. Order of St. John. First devoted to aid of pilgrims to Holy Land. Prominent in crusades. Bought Rhodes 1309. Expelled by Ottomans, 1522. Given Malta by Charles V, 1530. Expelled by Napoleon, 1798. = Knights of Malta.

Housman, A.E. 1859-1936. English poet: Shropshire Lad 1896. Romanatic pessimism.

Houston, Sam. 1793-1863. Texas Commander in revolt vs Mexico 1835-6. President, Texas Republic 1836~44.

Howard, Charles. 1536-1624. English. Commanded expedition vs Spanish Armada.

HRE. Holy Roman Empire.

Hu Yaobang. 1915-89. Liberal Chinese Communist Party chairman. Death led to Tiananmen demonstrations.

Hua Kuo-feng. c1920-. Chinese Premier 1976-80, Chairman 1976-81.

Hudson River. 1825-75. US Romantic landscape painting school.

Hugo, Victor. 1802-85. French Romantic poet/writer. Notre Dame 1831. Les Misérables 1862. Exiled 1852-70.

Humanae Vitae. 1968. Pope Paul VI Encyclical against artificial birth control.

Humane Society. 1774 England.

Humanism. 14C-. Philosophy. Mankind at the center of consciousness. Mankind can live ethically without recourse to the supernatural. Belief in personal worth of individual. Rational, creative. Petrarch.

Humboldt, Alexander von. 1769-1859. German naturalist, ecologist.

Hume, David. 1711-76. Scottish empiricist philosopher and historian: On Human Nature 1739. Free-will. Behaviour results from innate character. God cannot be proved by reason, but we must believe in Him.

Humperdinck, Engelbert. 1854-1921. German composer. Hansel and Gretel 1893.

Hungary. Celts, Ilyrians. Pannonia. 14BC Rome. Germans, Asians. c600 Avars. c800 Franks. 892-1301 Arpad-Magyars. 1001 Christian monarch. 1241 Mongols invade. 1526 Turks invade. 1664 Ottoman 1699 Hapsburg. 1848-9 Republic. 1866 Dual Monarchy. 1918 Republic. 1949 People’s Republic. 1990 Democratic.

Husserl, Edmund. 1859-1938. German philosopher. Phenomenology.

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