Paris, Congress. 1856. Austria, France, Britain, Russia, Ottomans, Sardinia end Crimean War.

Parnassians. 1867-99. French detached anti-Romantic poetry school. Leconte de Lisle. Sully-Prudhomme. Verlaine. Gautier. Baudelaire.

Parthenon. 447-431BC. Marble Doric temple of Athena built by Phidias and Ictinus under Pericles on Athens Acropolis. Damaged by Venetians attacking Turks 1687.

Passarowitz, Treaty. 1718. Venice cedes Peloponnesus to Ottomans. Ends Turkish War.

Passchendaele, Battle. 1917 Limit of British/Canadian advance WWI, Ypres. 300,000 casualties. 1918 Germans first use of mustard gas.

Passy, Frédéric. 1822-1912. French founder of International League for Permanent Peace 1867. First

Patricians. -287BC. Roman upper class. Plebeians. Nobiles.

Paul IV. Pope 1555-9. Curtailed corruption. Roman Inquisition. Created Jewish ghetto in Rome 1555.

Paullus, Aemilius. 229-160BC. Roman victor at Pydna, 168BC. Ended Macedonian War.

Pavia, Battle. 1525. Holy Roman Empire defeats France. Madrid Treaty.

Pavia, Battle. 476. Odoacer defeats Romans, ending Western Roman Empire.

Pax. Roman goddess of peace.

Pax Romana. 27BC-193. Period of Roman peace and prosperity begun by Augustus.

Peking Man. 350,000BC. Homo Erectus fossil discovered 1927.

Penates. Roman household gods.

Penfield, Wilder. 1891-1976. Canadian brain surgeon: Cerebral Cortex of Man.

People’s Republic. Communist government by a people’s party. Democratic mandate from popular revolution. Often Totalitarian.

Pershing, John. 1860-1948. US general; commanded French front 1918. WWI.

Persius. 34-62. Roman satirical poet. Stoic.

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

Petit Pont. 1852. Bridge across Seine at site of original Roman crossing.

Petrarch. 1304-74. Italian humanist author, lyric poet, philosopher. To Laura 1366. Dialogue with St. Augustine.

Petronius, Caius. -66 Roman satirist in Nero’s court. Satyricon.

Pfitzner, Hans. 1869-1949. German Post-romantic opera composer. Palestrina 1917.

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