Machaut, Guillaume de. c1300-77. French composer of secular and church music in Ars Nova style.

MacMahon, Patrice de. 1808-93. French Marshal. Crushed Commune. President 1873-79.

Maginot. André. 1877-1932. French statesman. Built line of fortifications in the east of France 1928-38, leaving French overconfident vs German threat.

Maida, Battle. 1806. British defeat French in Calabria.

Maillol, Aristide. 1861-1944. French sculptor of massive female nudes. La Mediterranée 1905.

Maistre, Joseph de. 1753-1821. French moralist for Christianity, Absolutism vs progress. Spanish Inquisition 1837.

Malherbe, François de. 1555-1628. French poet. Foreshadowed classicism. Odes 1601.

Mallarmé, Stéphane. 1842-98. French poet, initiated Symbolism. Après-Midi d’un faune 1865.

Malplaquet, Battle. 1709. Marlborough defeats French in war of Spanish Succession.

Malraux, André. 1901-76. French novelist. La Condition Humaine 1933. Museum Without Walls 1967.

Malus, Étienne. 1775-1812. French physician. Discovered polarized light 1808.

Manet, Édouard. 1832-83. French Pre-Impressionist painter. Olympia 1863. Déjeuner sur l’herbe 1863, triggered Impressionism. Folies-Bergères 1882. Monet.

Mansart, Francois. 1598-1666. French architect. Val-de-Grâce 1645. Classical elements in Baroque style. Subtle elegance, harmony. Mansard roof.

Mansart, Jules Hardouin-. 1646-1708. French architect, city planner. Dome Church 1677. Grand Trianon 1687. Place de Vendôme.

Mantuan Succession, War. 1628-31. French fight Hapsburgs over Mantua in 30 Years War.

Maquis. French guerillas vs German occupation, WWII. Resistance.

Marat, Jean-Paul. 1743-1793. Bloodthirsty French revolutionary, murdered by Charlotte Corday.

Marcel, Étienne. 1316-58. French draper who led unsuccessful Paris revolt vs Dauphin Charles V, 1355-8, while John II captured by English. Assassinated.

Marcel, Gabriel. 1889-1973. French Existential philosopher. Experience more important than metaphysics.

Marie Antoinette. 1755-93. Daughter of Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa, Queen Consort to Louis XVI. Guillotined for seeking US aid vs French Revolution. -“Let them eat cake”.

Marignano, Battle. 1515. French defeat Swiss mercenaries, conquer Milan.

Mariotte, Edme. 1620-84. French physicist. Law of compressibility of gases 1676, =Boyle’s Law.

Marmont, Auguste. 1774-1852. French Marshal. Surrendered Paris 1814 causing Napoleon to abdicate.

Marmousets. Advisers to French Charles V and VI.

Marquette, Jacques. 1637-75. French explorer of Mississippi, 1673. Joliet.

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