Léger, Fernand. 1881-1955. French painter. Modernist mechanistic forms of solid colors. Femme au Livre 1923. Grande Parade 1954.

Legion of Honour. French national order instituted by Napoleon, 1802. Five ranks: Grands Croix, Grands Officiers, Commandeurs, Officiers, Chevaliers.

Legislative Assembly. 1791-2. 1849-51. French national parliament...National Convention.

Legitimists. 19C French Royalist supporters of Bourbon Chambord vs Orleanists, Bonapartists.

Le Jeune, Claude. c1527-1600. French composer of musique mésurée.

Le Lorrain, Robert. 1666-1743. French bas-relief sculptor.

Le Mercier, Jacques. 1585-1654. French architect of Sorbonne and Horloge Pavilion of Louvre.

L’Enfant, Pierre. 1754-1825. French/US architect. Washington town plan 1792, implemented 1901.

Le Nain. Antoine, 1588-1648. Louis, 1593-1648. Mathieu, 1607-1677. French brothers, painters. Popular Scenes 1642.

Lenoir, Alexandre. 1761-1839. Archeologist. Founder of the Museum of French Monuments.

Le Nôtre, André. 1613-1700. French landscapist. Tuileries 1637. Fontainebleau. Versailles 1663.

Lépine, Louis. 1846-1933. French administrator, prefect of police. Contest of inventors.

Le Verrier, Urbain. 1811-77. French astronomer: predicted existence of Neptune by calculation, 1845.

Lesage, Alain. 1668-1747. French picaresque novelist. Gil Blas 1715-35.

Lesseps, Ferdinand. 1805-94. French engineer. Suez Canal 1869. Corinth Canal. Designed and began Panama Canal 1881-89.

Lettres de Cachet. 16C-1789. French royal warrants for arrest. Often political. Bastille.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1908-. Belgian/French ethnologist. Theory of Symbolic Structures: Mythologiques 1964-8.

Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien. 1857-1939. French philosopher. Primitive Mentality 1923.

L’Hôpital, Michel de. 1505-73. French statesman, urged tolerance during the Wars of Religion.

Libya. 7C BC Phoenician, Carthage, Greek colonies. 46BC Rome. 476 Vandal(W). 534 Byzantine 647 Arab. 1551 Ottoman. 1911 Italian colony. 1943 British/French 1950 Independent Kingdom. 1969 Qaddafi coup. Terrorism. Lockerbie.

Littré, Paul-Émile. 1801-81. French positivist philosopher. Dictionary of the French Language 1863-73.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Loisy, Alfred. 1857-1940. French Modernist religious scholar.

Loménie de Brienne, Etienne. 1727-94. French Finance minister 1787-8.

Lorraine, Claude. 1600-82. French landscape painter, master of sunlight. Sunset 1644.

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