Courbet, Gustave. 1819-77. French Realist painter, socialist activist. Commune. The Artist’s Studio 1855.

Courtois, Bernard. 1777-1838. French. Iodine 1811.

Cousin, Jean the Elder. 1490-1560. French painter. Eva Prima Pandora, early French nude.

Cousteau, Jacques. 1910-97. French underwater explorer.

Couthon, Georges. 1755-94. French aide to Robespierre. Guillotined.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cugnot, Joseph. 1725-1804. French engineer. First steam car, 1769.

Curie, Marie. 1867-1934, and Pierre 1859-1906. Polish/French discoverers of radium, 1898.

Cuvier, Georges. 1769-1832. French creator of comparative anatomy and paleontology.

Cyrano de Bergerac. 1619-65. French large nosed satirical writer. La Mort d’Agrippine 1654.

Dagobert I-III. Merovingian French kings in 7-8C.

Daguerre, Jacques. 1789-1851. French inventor of Daguerrotype photographic process 1837.

Daladier, Édouard. 1884-1970. French Prime Minister, 1933~40. Munich Agreement.

Dalou, Jules. 1838-1902. French Baroque sculptor of public monuments.

Danton, Georges. 1759-94. French Cordelier, Jacobin. Girondin leader 1792-3. Defeated foreign interveners. Executed by Robespierre.

Darlan, François. 1881-1942. French admiral. Built navy 1933-40. Collaborated with Germany, 1941-2, then Americans. Assassinated.

Daudet, Alphonse. 1840-97. French humorist. Lettres de Mon Moulin 1869, about life in Corsica.

Daumier, Honore. 1808-79. French Realist painter and engraver. Political caricaturist.

Dauphin. 1350-1830. Title of French heir to throne.

David d’Angers, Pierre-Jean. 1788-1856. French sculptor.

De La Tour, George. 1593-1652. French Caravaggist painter. Cheater with the Ace of Diamonds.

Deburau, J.B.G. 1796-1846. French mime.

Debussy, Claude. 1862-1918. French Impressionist composer. System of harmonic images. Nocturnes. La Mer 1905.

Degas, Edgar. 1834-1917. French Impressionist painter of dancers and cafe life. Rehearsal. Tub.

Delacroix, Eugène. 1798-1863. French Romantic painter. Dante and Virgil. Massacre at Chios 1824.

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